The word Kachins or Kachin1 is derived from Ga hkyeng or Red Soil, which was written as Kakhyengs (in plural form)by earlier authors, including Dr Kincaid in 1837; simplified by American and British Officers in the Colonial days. Though many workers attempted to define it derived from different languages, such as Chinese Ye Jein for wild man, Shan-C’ou for hill-tribes; and applied several theories, including the one of Hertz and others, it does not give us a better sense or evidence. Earlier Kachins called themselves Jinghpaw; meaning: the Kachin people as well as human being. In modern era, the term Kachin or Kachins refers to all six clans2 as a whole.Ga Hkyeng Duwa was the name of a Kachin chief, who lived in Red soil area of Mogaung, western territory of Kachinland in early 18th century. He was one of the most powerful Chiefs, who fought common enemies from Hukong Valley to entire Mogaung and Phakant areas; he lived there for almost a century. Dingsi Duwa, a descendant of Ga Hkyeng Duwa, was also a powerful chief that no one was able to intrude his territory. His heritages are still kept with the Kachin people. He had more than one thousand slaves.
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE OF THE KACHIN PEOPLE
Complexion: Kachins, for instance Răwang, upper Lisü,living in temperate regions have fair complexion and most of them have yellowish brown to fair skin. They have black eyes, rarely slanting; black with soft and silky hair. You can find a few curly ones too. Kachins have their own noses as the ones with the other Asians have! About 5% of Kachin males have thick beard and mustache; rest of them have light ones. Though it’s difficult to distinguish them from other Asians, in average, Kachin people have oval shape of jaw.Height: Earlier records show that Kachin males have a physical height ranging from 5.4 – 6.2 feet and about 5.2 – 5.8 feet amongst females. There is no proper record or statistical survey. It is estimated that the 19th century Kachin people had a lower height between 4.8 – 5.5 feet (exceptLăchyang Raw, a Jinghpaw female, mentioned in Wunpawng Lăbau Ginshi – a Brief Kachin History, written by H. Naw Awn; had about a height of 6.2 feet) and 5.0 – 5.6 feet amongst males and females, respectively. Out of several reasons why the physical height of the Kachin people decreased during that century, married to a closed relative is the main cause. Chinese dwarfs might also had intergraded with some Kachins during that time as it’s mentioned in Já Tawng Nawng Ningjin (a Classic Jinghpaw Scripture) in an anecdote rhythm: Wanghkyè Tekkătē, Myawk nat shărē(Chinese dwarf dares to fire a big cannon). Today, Kachin males have a height ranging from 5.2 to 6.4 feet and females have 5.0 to 5.8.
SOCIOLOGY OF KACHIN PEOPLE
Contact and Interaction: Kachin people are friendly, understanding but determined, God fearing, and their social custom and traditions are very polite and formal. They have unbreakable chain of relationship amongst Five Ruling Families3. Kachins respect older ones. Most of them have Joint Families. You can also find Nucleus Families in Modern Era.
When two Kachin strangers meet together, they first introduce themselves by asking one’s Ruling Family name (Five progenitors4) whether he or she is Lăhpai, Lăhtaw, Măran, Mărip or Nhkum. This is an important social contact with the people.
Kachin people say Kăja nga ai i? (How are you?) while one gives a handshake to another, usually between opposite sex. Cuddling or hugging is not a very common greet from female to male and vice versa. Traditionally, Kachin females sit in such a way that they fold both the legs towards left or right, no space between the floor and the legs; one leg put on the other one, hands on either of their knees while talking to an older or respected person, is a formal way.
Females usually do not interfere while Măsha kăba ni (big persons or gentlemen, refers to older males) talking. This does not mean that the female gender is inferior in the Kachin society. Kachin males sit like anything they want but two legs across in a straight position is a polite or formal way of sitting. Kachin males and some few females have sense of humour and they often poke one’s belly.
The Kachin females, when contact themselves or with the other females, they fondle either on the shoulder or on back or a hug; rarely give a handshake. Kachin males usually give a handshake when they meet one another or to the females. These days, Kachin people contact and interact like other people in that of a Christian society.
Society and Culture: Earlier Kachin people lived under the rule of their own chiefs, Duwas. Nowadays, almost all the Kachins are Christian and live in that society accordingly. They celebrate Mănau Festivals such as Pădang Mănau(Mănau of Victory), Sut Mănau (Mănau of Wealth), Kumran Mănau (Mănau of Exodus), and so on. Kachin people are good dancers and they have wide variety of dances. A festival, Nlung Nnan (Harvest Festival) is a beautiful one and people usually celebrate with full of funs, happiness, contentment, and thanksgiving as every Kachin is fed this time. The festival, sometimes, left you with nostalgia of wearing leaves shed beneath watery clouds beyond the dusk during autumn.
Dress: Kachin women are skill in dress making. Most of their Lăbus (sing. Lăbu) are weaved with particular patterns usually diamond5 shape inside musical sharp (#) or sometimes twin sharps; about 45 degree angle of an English alphabet F6 with a vertical tail long, stretching backwards at the same angle with its mirror image placed face-to-face and alternately along the lines of main strip or join the tails of the F shaped fashions; a pictures of flying bird – looks like a quick sketch of a flying bird at the dusk in paintings – with white threads; coiling designs like a young shoot of fern; are some typical patterns and the symbol of female dresses, weaved by them and worn in special occasions. Our Kachin female dresses have more complex patterns than that of the males; they are red, having the colour value FF,00,00; black lines, which can only be seen when closely examined. Yoshida Toshihiro (1997) has a good photograph of such patterns on page 129 in his book. There are mainly two types of costume dresses; viz., Hkáhkü Hking (Upper or Upstream Costume) and Sinli Hking (Lower Costume) amongst the Jinghpaw. Almost all the Kachin people’s Lăbus (sarong or skirts) are similar with a very slight differences; except colours, where Răwang dress has patterns weaved or painted in a white base; rest of the Kachins in a red and black base-garments: other things remain the same. Lisu dress is of two types and both of the costumes have blocks of colours; viz., Black, White, Red and small yellow lines in between the blocks. Nhtu (sword or machete) and Nhpyē (bag, usually cotton), Pălawng (shirt or blouse), bawban or Bunghkáw(tartan), Lăbu or Dangpai are worn by the Kachin males.Bawban or Bunghkaw is made of silk, extracted usually from Bombax morae and mixed with a fine cotton threads; having the colour value 64,00,64; rectangularly crossed over the colour value 4F,00,4F; measuring about 0.5 ft in width, about 5 to 5.5 ft in length and tassels at the either or both the ends; a twin-shining lines in golden colour are inserted between the main body of Bungkáw or Bawhkáw and the tassels at the both end.
Pălawng or Coat worn by Kachin males are usually made of pure cotton, having its crossed buttons; button-holes are lopes and the round buttons made of cotton are inserted into them while wearing. The colour of the Pălawng is either black, value: 00,00,00 or gray, value between 66,66,66 to 80,80,80; rarely any other colour. The coat has no collar, and a white shirt with collar is worn inside the coat.
Lăbu or Dangpai: for Kachin males is made of cotton, rarely silk; having the same size of rectangular strips, overlapping at the right angle in a tri- or tetra- or sometimes penta-colour fashions. The colour values are 00,00,48; 00,42,00; 00,00,00, and 64,00,64 is a smaller line or of the same size. There are more embroidered or designed articles worn by the Kachins. This is just a very brief description to give you a few ideals.
Sex Ratio: I can not conclude the reasons why and factors that affect our sex ratio; Kachin people have 60% females and 40% males. This may be governed by genetic and some environmental factors. Sometimes, more female ratio causes racial fueds when one gets married to people other than the Kachins themselves. It sounds a bit narrow but the fact that Kachins are very rigid in their races when they are concerned with Burman. This may be due to influences of politics or heritage that is carried from progenitors.
Marriage: One thing I often use to address to public and publish on web sites and some magazines is that Kachin people marry to Mother’s Brother’s Daughter to a son; this is what we called: first cousin in English. This can causes genetic problems though I have not observed any Kachin having such diseases or disorders, we have to change it. Due to education, Kachin people today marry to different people amongst themselves and some even married to Americans, British, Australians, Japanese and so on. Hetero-marriage may be acceptable in modern society but polyandry or polygamy is condemned in our Kachin society.There was a dowry system in Kachin society, in which male parents or relatives have to offer dowry to female. Quality and quantity depends on the demand from the female side. Now, the system exists just as a tradition.
Family: In a family, both the parents are very much respected by their offspring. There is no gender and sex dominance in a family these days. Earlier days, female gender was not given much important in Kachin society. Kachin people believe that the younger ones have responsibility to respect older ones in the society.
Food and Habits: Rice is a stable food for Kachin people. They prepare typical soup that is had along with rice and curry. Kachin people used to spend time in hunting, and in collecting natural vegetables. Sticky rice mixed with dried pieces of fish or chicken packed in fig leaves are sometimes served in special occasions. Kachins living in lower parts of the land prefer noodles. Hpăräng Si-htu (a typical vegetable-mix), containing Asiatic pennywort Păläng Láp or Hpăräng Láp, tree-tomato (Solanum kachinensis var. aeresculentum7or common tomato and fermented soybean, is a very popular Si-htu and traditionally served in countryside of Kachinland.Older Kachins in ancient time chewed tobacco (Nicotianaspecies) grown and processed by them. Tsá-pi8 or Mălum Tsá(rice-beer) is very much respected in the society and considered as a second milk from mother, which they called: Chyănũn Chyú. It is also served to wanted guests at home – this one sounds a bit systematic! Tsá-pá (rice-state-beer) is mostly preferred by women, usually sweeter than the one that is preferred by males. They produce some sort of spirit called Lauhkü, evaporated from rice-state-beer, which contains a high percentage of alcohol. Intoxication is considered to be wild in Kachin society.
Leadership Ability: From the ancient time, though there were not many written records about the leaders of the Kachins, the oral history revealed that the Duwas were conscious about their people, guided them, protected and helped them. Duwas were great leaders amongst the Kachin people. There were also some few outstanding leaders during World War – I and – II including Brigadier Louise Lăzum Tang Gyi, Lt. Col. Ah Gu Di, Major Lá Sang Gam, Major Jinghpaw Gam and so forth, and after Burma’s Independence but then they were said to be very unfortunate and could not perform as they had abilities. Many Kachins joined World War – I, and – II as British and American veterans. You can still find a few such persons in the United States.PSYCHOLOGY OF KACHIN PEOPLE
Psyche and Beliefs: Kachin people are revengeful but not cruel, and he ought not to be called treacherous. He is of fidelity and has sense of humour. Kachin people never gave a correct information to strangers regarding their business and whereabouts. Kachins are remarkably honest and pure in heart. There is a little stealing amongst themselves or from other people. They believe serving guest at their homes or help the poor is their duty. Our Kachin people are open, and are empathy when some one gets into troubles or so. Most of the Kachin people do not get mad easily but long feud often lead to the end of social relationship; once that happens, Kachins rarely care of other people that’s why I would say Kachins are tough people.Ancient Kachins were animists and they sacrificed livestock to their Nats such as Jan Nat (Spirit of Sun), Mu Nat(Celestial Spirit), Tsu Nat (Ancestral Spirit) etc. But then these are the things of the past when Christian mission came to Kachin territories in 1877.
Intelligent: It must be a blessing from heaven and above though most of the Kachin ancestors lived in jungles, the present offspring are quite intelligent in fact. Young Kachin people are able to adopt and integrate any environment or courses thought in school or college. When we talk about Intelligence, I would like to mention a little bit about Intelligent Quotient (IQ). Microsoft Chairman Mr Bill Gate has 160 IQ value, whereas pop singer Ms Madonna has 146. A Kachin boy, I know, has 154 IQ; which was tested in a Psychology Centre some five years ago at his age of 23 that is far beyond above average. He has completed Master of Science (MSc), scoring 8.24 of 10 scale without much efforts. There are many young Kachins, who are much more intelligent than the boy. No technicians, so far, has conducted such test or research in Kachinland. It is estimated that present Kachin people may have IQ value between 92 – 172; I haven’t seen any Kachin people having IQ value below 25 (idiot) after 1982. I would say that Kachin people are cognitive in genetics by nature and avoid to marry the persons having IQ value below 90, and if any Kachin does so will be caste out from the society. A British girl in Genius Book of World Record (1992) shows 280 out of 300 human IQ – the most intelligent creature so far.
Personality and Traits: Humbleness and innocence leads most of Kachin females and some a few males to shyness and little confidence, especially those who are living in or coming out from remote areas. This also depends on social and other environmental factors, and remains as the issue of all man. Kachin males are energetic, courage, brave, responsive, optimistic, and cognitive; whereas Kachin females are beautiful, intelligent, respectful, faithful, and capable to integrate any sort of situation – they rarely find wild in the society.Span of Life: Oral history tells us that the earlier Kachins had much longer span of life than what we have today. This may, again, not only the issue of our Kachins but also concern of all people in the world. This is due to chemical exchange in our environment. My maternal Jikè (very great-grand-father) lived for 175 years, according to him; he died in Jingma Yang in 1979. There were a few more Kachins, who lived more than 115 years on earth; but not very encouraging due to the lack of records, the claim sounds funny. Life-span of today’s Kachins ranges between 80 – 102 years.
FUTURE GENERATION
Whenever we come across this topic, we often realize to restore our identity, culture, customs, heritages that is already lost besides freedom. The present generation is very much promising for the future offspring. Today, Kachin people become hundred per cent Christians; some of them are doctors, engineers, scientists, business persons, and a few of them are millionaires. Our offspring means our future; our duty is extremely important to design them in a mould of futurity to get a desirable shapes. No doubt, the coming generation will do far better than what we do now.
1Use for the sake of convenience – not an appropriate term; anthropologically, the structure is much higher or complex than clan.
2Recently, there was a controversy amongst Kachin leaders in political and religious institutions about the term Kachins and Kachin. They concluded that the term Kachin is to use for Jinghpaw and Kachins for all six clans, Azi, Jinghpaw, Lăshi, Lisu, Maru, and Răwang, as a whole. I do dot agree to it; the reason is simple and logic. If the Kachin is a singular then the Kachins must be a plural form for Jinghpaw; if the term Kachin is to refer as the Jinghpaw, they obviously have taken an advantage over remaining ones, and this would increase further controversy. My opinion is very clear that the term Jinghpaw should remain Jinghpaw as such and the Kachins or Kachin should use to refer as Wunpawng.
3Ruling Family in Kachin is different from English family or surname what we understand. The Kachin Families here means Five Precursors of all Kachin descendants. All the people belong to Five Ruling Families and one sub-family: Hkasu-Hkasha are not called as Tribes. There are no Kachin Tribes. They themselves recognize only families and linguistic division (Hanson, 1913). Kachin classification is yet to be completed due to complexity in Five Ruling Families. Kachin Historians and Anthropologists are giving due effort to establish an accurate classification and origin of the Kachin people. In this we also need to work on DNA test in near future.
4Progenitor (pl. progenitors) is a genetic term refers to parents of offspring.
5My Mother, when I was about 4-5 years, told me that is Wahkum Tum, a seed of pumpkin botanically, Cucurbita moschata L.; and
6“F” for a bird; flying in. It has no relationship to English “F” for flying.
7This name was given by George Zunwa; the scientific or botanical name is yet to be submitted to the International Board for Botany, Italy.
8pi is a verb or suffix; meaning: aqueous extracted with a slight pressure applied against the wall of a small container by using paddle.
Kachin’s Anti-Government Forces
Burma drew the Union Constitution in 1947 and so got the united independence in 1948.
(BOXUN Received S.H.A.N. & Kachin Post Published by Burma’s Chinese)
-Maung Chan
The constitution of 1947 has promised that if a state finds the union is negative to its own national interest, it can leave the union after 10 years of independence.
Because the Burmese Army practises Chauvinism and dictatorship to oppress all other nationalities, nationalities of Karen, Karenni, Mon, Shan, Arakan, Chin etc have carried on armed struggle for their national equal rights. 10 years after independence, 1958, the national representatives expressed their great dissatisfaction at the parliament.
Result: there came up Burmese Army’s “Take-Care Government” in 1959, with the bayonet pointing to them. All nationalities became more dissatisfied and opposed the Chauvinism and dictatorship more strongly.
On February 5, 1961 Zau Seng and his brothers Zau Tu and Zau Dan along with hundreds of Kachin youth established in northern the Shan State Kachin Independence Organization (KIO). Their first operation was to attack a military base near Kutkhai, northern Shan State.Then they shifted quickly to Bamaw area in Kachin State. From this revolutionary base,they launched their long-term national revolution.
On Mar 2,1962, Ne Win’s Burmese Army seized the power through a coup.They ended the parliamentary democracy and abolished the Union Constitution:
They did -dismiss all organisations including students’ union.
- On 7-7-1962 shoot dead hundreds peacefully demonsrating Rangoon University students and drive all students home.
- In 1963 reclose down all universities in Burma and expell for ever the students who dare to appeal for domestic peace.
- In 1964 under the name of “natinalisation and socialist economy”, occupy all private enterprises in Burma, by annulling without compensation the banknotes of 100K and 50K,loot the people’s fortune.
- In 1966-67, launch anti-Chinese campaign and massacred Burma’s Chinese in order to escape from nation-wide famine.
- Stir up in turn various racist and religious conflicts to flee economic and politic crises.
- Rule the country with military dictatorship till now In 1968 the KIO combined forces with the Communist Party of Burma (CPB)to fight the Burmese junta. Nationally they gave military training to ethnic armed groups such as the Palaung and Rakhine insurgents, internationally they gave access and passage rights through areas controlled by them to Naga and Mizo insurgents from India.
In 1975 the KIO leaders Zau Seng, Zau Tu and Pung Shwe Zau Seng were assassinated at the Thai-Burma border. Brang Seng took over as Chairman and Zaung Hkra as Secretary of the KIO. At that time the KIO was the main force in the National Democratic Front (NDF), an ethnic army alliance.
On 24-2-1994, the KIO entered a ceasefire agreement with the regime (State Law and Order Restoration Council). In fact in 1963 and 1980 the KIO had already tried his best for domestic peace negotiation with Burmese authorities but in vain. A few months after the cease-fire, Brang Seng died. Zau Mai became KIO’s new leader.In February 2001, a reformist faction within KIO staged a coup at the KIO headquarter at Lai Sin near the China border. They detented Zau Mai and later ousted him. Lamung Tu Jai became the leader of the KIO.
A political group formed secretly on 24-1-2005 The Kachin Solidarity Council in Pang Wa, the NDA-K headquarter,including a Joint Military Commission and a Joint Economic Commission. It seems a parallel organization against the KIO’s Kachin Consultative Assembly, KCA, which was formed in 2002 .
According to the Kachin Independence Organization, KIO, the council is led by Zahkung Ting Ying, leader of the New Democratic Army-Kachin, and 3 deputy leaders: Col Lasang Awng Wah, who is the leader of a KIO splinter group, Mahtu Naw, the leader of Kachin Defense Army and Bawmwang La Raw, a leader of Kachin National Organization, KNO.
People believe that the great master behind them is the Burmese junta.
The KSC statement pointed out that people in Kachin State must live under the control of the Burmese military government and engage in development projects under their guidance step by step to democratic country. It criticised KIO leaders “conservative” and their policies “not upgrade”.
By his new house opening ceremony -in Muse of Northern Shan State on 7£2£2005 , Zahkung Ting Ying, leader of New Democratic Army-Kachin, even demanded to dissolve Kachin Independence Organization, KIO, for sake of forming united and peaceful Kachin community.
People say that they are now neither KIO nor cease-fire group, they are in fact the border security militia group of Burmese Army.
Besides the old revolutionary KIO, the following are some Kachin organisations:
- Kachin Defense Army (KDA)
An armed organization founded in 1990 by Mahtu Naw, commander of the Kachin Independence Army’s 4th brigade based in northern Shan State. After the breakaway from its mother organization, KDA signed a ceasefire agreement with the ruling State Law and Order Restoration Council in the same year. The area controlled by KDA is now called Shan State Special Region 5. - New Democratic Army-Kachin (NDA-K)
Founded by former KIO officers Zahkung Tingying and Layawk Zelum. NDA-K is the first Kachin group to reach a ceasefire agreement with the State Law and Order Restoration Council, in 1989, after the collapse of the CPB the same year. The organization is based in Pang Wa, former headquarters of the CPB’s 101 War Zone, situated on the Sino-Burma border. The area controlled by the group is called Kachin State Special Region 1. - Kachin State National Congress for Democracy(KNCD)
A political party founded in Myitkyina by Kachin politicians led by Ubyit Tu, former State Council member of Ne Win’s socialist BSPP government. The party won three seats in Kachin State in the 1990 general election. Leading party members were arrested and the party was barred from political activities after the election. The KNCD, led by Gumgrawng Zau Ing and Bawm Lang, became a member of the United Nationalities Alliances (UNA), led by Khun Tun Oo, chairman of Shan Nationalities League for Democracy. - Kachin People’s Party (KPP)
Founded on April 17, 2002 in Thailand by young Kachin inside and outside of Kachin State to lay the foundation for an “appropriate and meaningful democratic nation” which is essential to Kachin people and to resist all forms of dictatorship and despotic rule. The KPP leader is Gumgrawng Aung Wa. - Kachin National Organization (KNO)
A political organization founded by overseas Kachin and a group of elders from the Kachin homeland on January 9, 1999. KNO strives for an independent homeland and democratic government. Its leader is Hawwa Ja La. - All Kachin Student and Youth Union (AKSYU)
Founded on August 5, 1996 by exiled Kachin Student in India. The same year, AKSYU became a member organization of the Students and Youth Congress of Burma (SYCB), an opposition student and youth alliance. - AKSYU branched out to open offices in Thailand in 1998, Europe in February 2002 and China in Septemeber 2002. The all Kachin Students and Youth Union (AKSYU) is currently a member organization of the Students and Youth Congress of Burma (SYCB), United Nationalities Youth League (UNYL), and United Nationalities’ Democratic Congress (UNDC).
The following are Kachin heros and leaders of the time:
Lahpai Naw Seng:
Born in 1922 in Man Peng Loi village, Lashio township, Shan State. Joined British Burma Frontier Force, Lashio Battalion. Led resistance against the Japanese in Kachin Hills during World War II; Jamedar in British-organized Northern Kachin Levies. Twice awarded the Burma Gallantry Medal by the British for his role in the anti-Japanese resistance. Captain in the 1st Kachin Rifles in 1946 and fought against the Communist Party of Burma in Irrawaddy delta region in 1948.
Worked with Karen rebel in February 1949. Led the upper Burma campaign against the Rangoon government and set up the Pawngyawng National Defense Force (the first Kachin rebel army in Burma) in November 1949. Retreated to into China form Mong Ko in northern eastern Shan State in April 1950. In exile along with a few hundred followers in China’s Guizhou province until 1968. Burma launched during 1964-67 anti-China campaign, as vice military commander (under Than Shwe) of the first CPB unit he entered Burma on 1 January 1968. Became military commander of northern eastern command in September 1969. Died under mysterious circumstances in the Wa Hill on 9 March 1972. Back HomeLahtaw Zau Seng:
Born in 1928 in Kapna Bang Shau village near Hsenwi, northern Shan State, where his father, Balawng Du, was a Baptist pastor. Studied up to 7th standard in Hsenwi and served with the US-organized Detachment 101 as junior intelligence officer during World War II. Joined the 1st Kachin Rifles after the war and went underground with his commander, Naw Seng in 1949. Remained behind with Karen and Karenni reble in Burma when Naw Seng retreated to China in 1950.
Closedly connected with right-wing circle in Thailand in the 1950; attended meeting with the World Anti-Communist League in Saigon and Taiwan. Returned to Kachin State in 1958 to organized an uprising there; formed the Kachin Independence Army on 5 February 1961 together with his brothers Zau Tu and Zau Dan.President of the Kachin Independence Organization and commander of the KIA. Returned to the Thai border in 1965 to set up a based at the Tam Ngob headquarter of the 3rd Kuomintang. Assassinated near Tam Ngob along with Zau Tu and KIO general secretary Pungshwi Zau Seng on 6 August 1975.
Pungshwi Zau Seng:
Born in Hu Bren Pung Shwe near Kutkai in northeastern Shan State. Studied engineering, art, philosophy and political science at Rangoon University in 1955-59. Civil servant in northeastern Shan State before he joined the Kachin rebellion in 1961. General secretary of the Kachin Independence Organization and staunch anti-communist. Accompanied Zau Tu to the Thai border in 1973. Assassinated on 6 August 1975 near Tam Ngob along with Zau Seng and Zau Tu.\
Maran Brang Seng:
Born in 1930 in Hpakan, Kachin State. Educated in Kachin Baptist School, Myitkyina; entered Rangoon University in 1952 and obtained a BA and a BEd in 1995. Burma’s delegate to the YMCA to Singapore in 1957; headmaster of Myitkyina Baptist school 1957-60 and its principle 1961-63. Went underground with Kachin Independence Organization in 1963. Led the first Kachin rebel delegation to China in 1967. Chairman of KIO since 1975. Made peace with the Communist Party of Burma in 1976 and led the delegation of National Democratic Front to the CPB’s Panghsang headquarters in March 1986. Left Kachin State in late 1986 to travel abroad. Become vice chairman of Democratic Alliance of Burma on 18 November 1988 and was attached to its headquarter at Manerplaw on the Thai-Burma border until KIO made peace with Rangoon in April 1993. Suffered a stroke on 21 October 1993 in Kunming,Yunnan ,died on August 8 1994.
Mali Zup Zau Mai:
Born in 1936 in Manhkring village near Myitkyina. Studied at the Baptist High School in Myitkyina; obtained a degree from Rangoon University in 1959. Joined the Kachin Independence Army in 1962. Participated in 1963 peace talk with the Rangoon government. Commander of the KIA’s 4th Brigade (northeastern Shan State) in 1972. Fought battles with Communist forces in the area until peace treaty was reached in 1976. Become vice Chairman of the Kachin Independence Organization in 1975 and chief of staff of the KIA in 1980. Led the KIO delegation to hold peace talk with the military authorities in Myitkyina in September 1993. Leader of KIO until a coup by the reformist in February 2001 at the headquarter, Laisin. Charged with several treason cases and under house arrested at tha KIO headquarter.
Lamung Tu Jai:
Born in 1930 in Kutkai, Shan State. Studied at Kutkai middle school up to 8th Standard. Joined the 4th Kachin Rifles in 1950 and became lance coporal in 1956. Joined the Kachin rebel movement in 1961. Brigade commander (the Kachin Independence Army) in Putao area of Kachin State in 1973. Became chief of staff of the KIA in 1975; handed over his duties to Zau Mai in 1980. Member of central committee of the Kachin Independence Organization since 1975. Became leader of Kachin Independence organization after former leader Zau Mai ousted by the coup in 2001. General Lanung Tu Jai passed away in 2006 and Mr Zawng Hra succeeded over him.
Lanyaw Zawng Hra:
Born in 1935 in Sumpra Bum, Kachin State. Studied at the Kachin Baptist School in Myitkyina before being admitted to Rangoon University in 1955. Acquired a BA degree a few years later and worked for a while as sub-divisional officer of Sumprabum. Joined the Kachin rebles in 1963. General secretary of Kachin Independence organization since1976; attended peace talk in Rangoon in 1980. Accompanied Brang Seng abroad in 1987; returned to Kachin State in 1988. Became a vice Chairman of KIO after coup in early of 2001. Mr Lanyaw Zawng Hra became Chairman of the KIC, KIO 2006.
Zahkung Ting Ying:
Kachin of Ngochan tribe from the Yunnan frontier. Broke with the Kachin Independence Army and joined the Communist Party of Burma in early 1968. Established the CPB’s 101 War Zone in the Panwa-Kambaiti area of eastern Kachin State together with Zalum, another KIA defector. Joined the 1989 mutiny, and his former CPB unit, now renamed the New Democratic Army-Kachin, was legalized on 15 December 1989 .Becomes government-recognized militia force and current leader of New Democratic Army-Kachin.
Gauri Zau Seng:
Born in 1942 in Myitkyina. Science student at Rangoon University in the early 1960s; active in Kachin Student movement. Went underground in 1964 with the Kachin Independence Army. Succeeded Zau Tu as commander of the KIA ‘s 2nd Brigade (western Kachin State) in 1975. Became member of the central committee of the Kachin Independence Organization 1977. Led a Kachin delegation to the Thai border in 1983, (the first time since the assassination of Zau Seng, Zau Tu and Phungshwi Zau Seng in 1975). Vice chairman of the National Democratic Front in July 1991. The main Kachin representative in Thailand since 1983. Leading member and policy maker of the Kachin Independence Organization after 2001 coup . Vice president of KIO after reshuffling some senior leaders due to the possible coup attempt in its headquarter in January 2004. Back Home
The Following are Kachin Publications: –
- Jinghpaw Prat (The Jinghpaw Era):
The first and only Kachin language weekly newspaper ever in circulation, The Jinghpaw Prat., was founded in 1958 by Zau Bawn, the editor of publication. The Jinghpaw Prat was distributed weekly until it was forced to cease publication in 1962 after Ne Win seized power by military coup and ordered to halt all independent newspaper publications. - Shi Laika Ningnan( New issue newspaper):
In 1943, the earliest Kachin language newspaper was published in India and distributed to northern Burma. The paper mainly covering battle news about Alliance and Japanese forces of the World War II was then airdropped into the Kachin-inhabited area. - Wunrawt Journal (The Progressive):
In 1998, there was another effort at establishing a vernacular press, with publication of the Kachin language monthly journal, Wun Rawt(The Progressive). The journal covered news, opinion and articles concerning to Kachin in Burma. After five issues, the editor was arrested in Rangoon for failing to submit his publication to the Press Scrutiny Board (PSB) censorship committee for publications, and the paper was shut down. - The Kachin Post:
Monthly Kachin language newspaper published on February 1, 2002, in Chiang Mai, Thailand by editor Naw Seng and some Kachin youth who are committed in freedom of press, independent journalism and democracy. The Kachin Post started launching online version at www.kachinpost.com on September 1, 2003. - Hparat Ninghkawng (Wisdom Power) Magazine:
Annual magazine published by Kachin Literature and Culture sub-committee of University of Yangon. - Chyurum Shalat (Kachin brotherhood development) Magazine: Annual magazine published by Kachin Literature and Culture sub-committee of University of Mandalay.
- Buga Shanan ( Homeland’s Light) Magazine:
Annual magazine published by Kachin Literature and Culture sub-committee of University of Myitkyina. - Pahtau (Triumph )Magazine:
Annual magazine published by Kachin Student studying at the Myanmar Institute of Theology in Insein, Rangoon. - Myihtoi Ma (spiritual media) Magazine:
Annual magazine published by Nawng Nang Kachin Theological College, in Myitkyina Kachin State. - Tsanlun( Olive biblical ) Magazine:
Published annually by the Kachin Baptist Youth Committee of Myitkyina region, Kachin State. The magazine covers regilion and activities of Baptist youth in Myitkyina. It was established in 1988. - Jawprat ( Century) 21 Journal:
Published every three months by the Youth section of Kachin Baptist Convention (KBC). The paper mainly covers regilious affairs and activities of Kachin Baptist Churches as well as culture issues. It is distributed with the Churches. - Gindai ( Central) Journal:
Published every three months by All Kachin Students and Youth Union (AKSYU) based in India. The paper covers politic, democracy and Human rights issues.It was established in 1997. - Padang Shiga (Victory News):
A monthly newsletter published by the Kachin in Japan to cover local news and activities as well as culture pieces. It was established in 1992. - Ram Padang (Youth Victory) Journal :
Quarter-annual journal published on October 1 2004 by Kachin Youth Fellowship Committee from Kachin Sub-State in northern Shan State, Burma .
*For more info please refer to :
1. “Burma Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity by Martin Smith, 2nd Edition 1999”.
2. “Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity by Smith, Martin”,
3. “Land of Jade by Bertil Lintner (A Journey from India through Northern Burma to China)”.
4. “Political Systems of Highland Burma: A Study of Kachin Social Structure (London School of Economics Monographs on Social Anthropology) by Edmund Ronald Leach”
5. “Burma: Frontier Photographs 1918-1935 (published in 2000, edited by Elizabeth Dell, Mandy Sadan)”. (boxun.com)
K.I.O.(KACHIN INDEPENDENCE ORGANIZATION)
K.I.A. (KACHIN INDEPENDENCE ARMY) HPAW MAT WA AI LAM
By Marip H. Naw Awn
1950 ning a hpang daw kaw nna Wunpawng ramma ni mungmasa hta ram ram myi hpaw myitsu myit rawt wa magang nga sai. Grau nna gaw lahta tsang hpaji sharin hkaja la lu ai ramma ni a lapran hta mungmasa hprang wa ai madang ram ram tsaw wa nga sai. Wunpawng dakkasu jawngma ni a kata e prat dep mungmasa shamu shamawt lam ni law law nga wa sai rai nga ai.
1957 ning hte 1958 ning grup yin hta e Wunpawng dakkasu jawngma ni ahkyak madung hku myit yu mang yu ai hta lawu de na lam ni mung lawm nga ai.
1. Pang Lung Ga Sadi hte n bung n pre ai hku PH.S.P.L. asuya a hkrang shapraw sa wa ai lam.
2. HP.S.P.L. asuya gaw mungdaw ni hpe Colony, mayam jasat jasa hku up sha nga ai lam (mung daw kata na nhprang kun rai ni hpe ra ai made shaw la nna mungdaw rawt jat lam hpa n galaw ya ai majaw ndai hku tsun lu ai lam rai nga ai.)
3. Munghpawm Asuya gaw mungdaw ni hpe sut masa, mungmasa hte shinggyim nga sat masa ni hta laba ga-up jum tek kau nhtawm amyu kaji ni mat mat hkra ladat amyu myu shaw let up hkang nga ai lam.
4. Mungdaw ni hten run grit nem wa nga timung Myen amyu sha ni law malawng shanu nga ai Myen Mung ginra daw rawt jat, hkik hkam galu kaba jang ram sai ngu ai masa hpe HP.S.P.L. asuya magra jum hkrang shapraw wa ai lam. (Wunpawng Mungdan daw chyen ni rai nga ai U-di U-ga Lai Sai ga hpe Myen Mung de pawng bang la kau ya ai, Hpi Maw, Gaw Lang, Kang Hpang hpe Miwa Mung de dut sha kau ya ai kumla ni hpe yu nna mung lahta na hte maren tsun lu nga ai.)
Lahta na lam ni hte seng nna rawt jat ai Wunpawng dakkasu jawngma ni gaw ta tut mungmasa bungli galaw nga ai Wunpawng salang ni hpe HP.S. P.L. asuya hte mungmasa ku ntsa e Paliman kata dara na hku law law lang shadut hpaji jaw yu nga masai.
Raitimung mungmasa salang ni hku nna lam amyu myu a majaw jawngma ni hpaji jaw ai lam hpe ta tut hkrang shapraw sa wa lu ai lam n nga ai. Ndai lam gaw Wunpawng sha ni a lu ging ai ahkaw ahkang ni hpe Myen Mung asuya hte mungmasa ku n tsa e gasat dara nna sha gara hku mung nmai byin sai ngu ai hpe adan aleng wan dan ai hte bung nga ai. Mabyin masa ndai ni gaw lam mi hku tsun yang, Wunpawng sha ni a ahkaw ahkang hpe laknak lang rawt malan nna sha lu la mai sai lam ja ja madi madun ai hte bung nga sai. Dai zawn re ai mabyin masa ni e htu ganawng ai hte maren Wunpawng dak kasu ramma ni gaw Munghpawm HP.S.P.L. asuya hpe laknak lang rawt malan nna Wunpawng sha ni lu ging ai shinggyim ahkaw ahkang ni hpe gasat la na matu tawk hprut dawdan dat masai.
7 MAJAN (7 STARS) HPUNG HPAW AI LAM
1957 ning kaw nna Rangoon dakkasu Wunpawng jawngma ni gaw laknak lang rawt malan hpung hpaw na matu tau hkyen lajang hpang wa masai. Tau hkyen lajang ai lam ma hkra hpe lit la galaw gun hpai sa wa lu na matu ningshawng hpung langai hpe 1957 ning htum wa de hpaw shabawn dat masai. Dai hpung hpe 7 Majan Hpung (7 Stars)’ngu nna shing teng masat jaw masai.
Hpung salang marai 7 san da ai hpung rai n htawm shana ningsin kaba 7 Majan shagan pru ten hta she shim dik ai hku bawngban zuphpawng galaw nna woi shamu shamawt ai hpung re ai majaw dai hpung hpe 7 Majan Hpung’ ngu shamying ma ai. Dai hpung gaw K.I.O. a ningshawng hpung ngu yang mung n shut nga ai. Hpa majaw nga yang hpang e dai hpung kaw nna K.I.O. matut paw pru wa sai majaw rai nga ai.
Dai hpung hta lawm ai salang ni gaw:-
1. Salang Zau Tu. (Ningbaw)
2. Salang Hpauyu Tu Lum (Shawng na Amu Madu)
3. Salang Mali Zup Zau Mai.(Hpang e galai ai Amu Madu)
4. Salang Pung Shwe Zau Seng (Hpung Salang)
5. Salang K.D. Brang Gam (Hpung Salang)
6. Salang Na Hpaw Gun Jawng (Hpung Salang)
7. Salang Malang Shawng (Hpung Salang) ni rai nga ma ai.
Dai Salang ni hta na hpung ningbaw tai ai Salang Zau Tu gaw hpang e K.I.A. Dap Awn Daju, V.C.S. (Vice Chief of Staff) byin wa sai. Dai magam bungli gunhpai nga yang 1975 ning hta hkrat sum mat wa sai. Salang Mali Zup Zau Mai* gaw ya e K.I.O. Ginjaw Ningtau Tingnyang Up hte K.I.A. Dap, Dap Awn Daju, C.S. (Chief of Staff ) bungli gunhpai nga ai Du Kaba Zau Mairainga ai.
*2001 February 20 ya shani kaw na hkring sa mat sai.
Salang Pung Shwe Zau Seng gaw K.I.O. hpaw ai hpang K.I.O. a shawng nnan lang na Ninggawn Amu Madu (Gen. Secretary of K.I.O., Central Committee) bungli gunhpai nna Du Kaba Zau Tu hte rau 1975 ning hta rawt malan ginra shara mi kaw hkrat sum mat sai Salang Kaba Pung Shwe Zau Seng rai nga ai.
Dai 7 Majan Hpung hta lawm ai salang ni gaw ngang kang ai myit dawdan lam hte dam lada ai hku masing jahkrat nhtawm hpung a shamu shamawt lam ni hpe woi galaw hpang mat wa masai. Shawng nnan e mungshawa daw tsa a myit hpe chye lu na matu mungshawa lapran de shang nhtawm sawk sagawn ma ai. Dai zawn shanhte mungshawa a myit hpe manaw yu ai shaloi bum nga masha, yi sun hkauna masha hte matsan masha gaw yawng ngu na daram rawt malan hpung hpe tsep kawp madi shadaw ai lam mu chye lu masai. HP.S.P.L. asuya amu gun Wunpawng sha ni mung law malawng gaw n-gup aga hte myit masin hku nna rawt malan hpung hpe aja awa madi shadaw n-gun jaw ma ai. Dai zawn n-gun madung rai nga ai mungshawa a teng man ai madi shadaw lam hpe lu tawn sai majaw 7 Majan hpung salang ni gaw grau grau myit n-gun rawt ai hte rawtmalan bungli ni hpe da ting sa wa masai.
Kaga amyu sha ni a n-gun jaw madi shadaw lam hpe lu la na matu hte rawt malan hpaji hka ja la na matu 7 Majan Hpung Ningbaw Salang Zau Tu hte Amu Madu Salang Mali Zup Zau Mai yan gaw 1958- 1959 ning jawng dat laman hta shawng shawng kaw nna rawt malan nga sai Kayin rawt malan hpyendap de sa du masai. Kayin rawt malan hpyen dap kawn na bai nhtang du wa ai hpang 7 Majan hpung salang ni langai hte langai bungli lit garan nhtawm hpaji hkaja mat wa masai. Salang Zau Tu gaw hpyen lam hkaja sai. Salang Mali Zup Zau Mai gaw up hkang lam hkaja nhtawm Salang Pung Shwe Zau Seng gaw mungmasa lam hkaja la nu ai.
Shingrai 7 Majan salang ni gaw shanhte a kata tau hkyen lajang lam hkum tsup wa sai hte shanhte hpaw sa wa na laknak lang rawt malan hpung hpe ta tut woi awn na myitsu ningbaw langai jawm tam masai. Yawng myit hkrum ai hte 7 Majan hpung ningbaw Salang Zau Tu a kahpu Du Kaba Zau Seng hpe ningbaw tang san masai.
Dai ten hta Du Kaba Zau Seng gaw Kaya rawt malan hpyen dap, Dap Ba 1, Maw Chi Maing, kaw dap up galaw nga ai rai. Du Kaba Zau Seng gaw Britisha prat English tsang 10 awng tawn ai, hpaji chye masha langai mi rai nga ai. Britisha prat hta hpyen shang nna Kai Chyan Du (I.O.) bungli gun hpai yu sai. Dai hpang 1949 ning Du Kaba Naw Seng P.N.D.F. hpaw ai shaloi Dap Ba 1, (1st. Bde.) hta Major hte B.M. bungli gunhpai lai wa sai. 1950 ning hta Du Kaba Naw Seng hte hpung ni Miwa Mung de shang mat wa ai shaloi machyi kaba hkrum nna lam e hkring nga mat nu ai. Machyi mai ai hpang Kayin rawt malan dap de du mat wa nu ai. Dai hpang Kaya rawt malan dap kaw rawt malan bungli matut gunhpai nga ai wa rai nga ai. Shi gaw prat dep hpaji chye nhtawm ta tut rawt malan bungli hpe aten galu gunhpai yu sai re ai majaw Wunpawng sha ni a matu kamhpa ging ai rawt malan ningbaw langai mi byin tai lu na ngu myit mada kamhpa ai majaw 7 Majan hpung kaw nna shi hpe jawm lata sai lam rai nga ai.
7 Majan hpung ni gaw shanhte yaw shatawng shada ai lam, shanhte myitmang ai lam, shanhte dawdan ai lam ni hkum tsup hpe Du Kaba Zau Seng hpang de laika hte bawngban jahkrup dat masai. Du Kaba Zau Seng mung 7 Majan hpung ni lajin dat ai lam hpe hkap la sai lam, raitimung laknak lang rawt malan hpung langai hpaw sa wa na ngu ai gaw n loi ai majaw shi hku nna myitsu ai Wunpawng Salang law law hte naw bawngban yu ra ai lam shiga htang shana dat u ai. 7 Majan hpung salang ni mung shi ra sharawng ai hte maren Du Kaba Zau Seng hpe myitsu ai Wunpawng salang ni hte jahkrum ya masai.
1959 ning hta Du Kaba Zau Seng, Salang Zau Tu, Salang Pung Shwe Zau Seng ni Myitkyina mare de du lung wa masai. Shanhte gaw Myitkyina de du ai shaloi 7 Majan hpung Amu Madu Salang Zau Mai, K.B.H.S. jawng up Sara Kaba Brang Seng hte kaga Wunpawng myitsu salang ni lawm nna bawngban zup hpawng galaw masai. Dai zuphpawng hta salang yawng myit hkrum ai hte Wunpawng laknak lang rawt malan hpung hpaw sa wa nna rawt malan hpyen dap hpaw shagreng mat wa na lam dawdan masai. Bai, Du Kaba Zau Seng hpe rawt malan hpung ningbaw tang san nhtawm 1960 ning hta nam rawng hpang na hku yawng myit hkrum masat masai.
Nnan nam rawng hpang wa ai shaloi arang shatai na matu Du Kaba Zau Seng lu tawn ai sinat hpan hkum lau 40 gumhpraw sen 30 hte tut hkai jak (W/T Jak) langai hpe sa la na dawdan masai. Dai arung arai ni hpe Kothoolei 5th. Bde. Dap Up Du Kaba Lin Htin a lata hta ap da ai rai nga lu ai. Dai arung arai ni hpe sa la na matu Gyung Dau hte Lahkaw yan hpe Kayin Mung de dat masai. Dai yan hpe Myen ni Rangoon kaw hkap rim la kau ya ai gaw dai ni naten shiga n na lu mat sai. Dai marai 2 hpe Myen ni lu rim la nna shiga brawng mat ai jaw e dingbai dingna law mat nna 1960 ning hta nam rawng hpang na ngu ai masing hten run mat nga sai. Dai zawn re ai dingbai dingna a majaw Wunpawng myu tsaw salang ni gaw rawt malan npawt nhpang de gaw la na manghkang kaba hte hkrum kadup masai. Raitimung shanhte gaw myit n daw ai sha byin mai na ladat amyu myu tam sawk yu masai.
Wunpawng uhpawng kata laknak lang rawt malan majan langai bai paw pru ra sai lam hpe ma byin tara e nan hpyi shawn ya nga sai hte maren mungshawa a n-gun jaw, madi shadaw lam ni hpe tsep kawp lu tawn sai re majaw Wunpawng myutsaw salang ni gaw aten n garawt nga ai sha ayak ahkak law law a lapran e mai byin ai madang hte Wunpawng myutsaw dap snr. Wunpawng rawt malan hpyen dap hpe hpaw hpang na matu tawk sek dawdan dat masai.
Rawt malan hpung hpe hpaw hpang na matu Du Kaba Zau Seng gaw 1961 ning February shata praw 5 ya shani lit nga ai salang ni hte lahta Sam Mung daw, Lashio mare Lunglaw Pa kaw zuphpawng galaw nu ai. Dai zuphpawng hta du dung lawm ai salang ma hkra myit mang langai, nsen langai hte “Wunpawng Mungdan Shanglawt Hpung, K.I.O.” hpe hpaw shabawn dat masai. Bai, matut nna “Wunpawng Mungdan Shanglawt Hpyen Dap (K.I.A.) hpe mung awng dang ai hte hpaw dat masai. Dai hta mung, ningbaw hku nna Du Kaba Zau Seng hpe sha jawm tang sharawt nhtawm shi a ningtau hku nna Salang Zau Tu hpe tang sharawt masai. Dai zawn K.I.O.hte K.I.A. hpe awng dang ai hte hpaw shabawn dat lu sai re majaw, dai shani February 5 ya hpe Wunpawng sha ni a “Rawt Malan Nhtoi’ shani ngu masat tawn masai.
Dai zuphpawng gaw Wunpawng labau hta ahkyak dik ai zuphpawng langai mi rai nga ai ngu tsun lu nga ai. Hpa majaw nga yang du na aten na Wunpawng sha ni a kam maka ni hpe jum tek hparan sa wa na Wunpawng rawt malan majan hpe dai zuphpawng hta hpaw hpang dat lu ai majaw rai nga ai. Dai shani kaw nna Wunpawng sha ni a laknak lang rawt malan majan gaw mungkan hta shingna gayat hkra mat wa sai rai.
Ref: Marip H. Naw Awn.,Laika., Wunpawng Labau Ginshi
Sam Mung Jinghpaw Wunpawng Kawngsi Hpung
Kutkai Myo-ne Amu lamang gun Komiti ni. (22-1-58)
Lahta Sam mung, Mungmyit Sinli ga (sh) Kachin SubState Wunpawng myusha labau ahkyak daw ni hpe No.I lang na “Ram Padang Journal” hta moi ginru ginsa yu hkrat wa ai shani kaw nna Kachin Sub-State byin pru wa ai kaw du hkra na anhte a jiwoi jiwa ni gara hku shakut shaja lai wa sai lam ni a ahkyak ai labau daw mabyin ni hpe tam sawk ka madun lai wa sai. Ndai lang matut nna “Kutkai Kachin Sub-State Council” du salang komiti ni woi awn galaw gunhpai lai wa sai magam bungli nkau mi hpe bai tam sawk ka madun dat ai.
1. Mungmyit Sinli ga na amyu Wunpawng sha ni gaw Japan majan ngut mat wa ai hpang (1945) February shata praw kaw nna, Tamungnye mare kaw mare buga shagu de na Nebyeng du salang ni, mung shawa myitsu ni hpe shaga kahkyin let, du salang zuphpawng alang lang hpawng nna, Mungmyit Sinli ga hta amyu Wunpawng sha ni ban prat shagu asak sai salu salat law law hpe ap nawng shakut shaja htam lai wa yu sai lam ni hpe bai myit sawn sumru yu let, daini na aten hta anhte mung labau nga ai hte maren, ram ging ai ahkaw ahkang gaw masat daidaw da ra sai nga nna, Sinli, Mungmyit, Kodawng, Loilung hte Tawngbeng ga na Wunpawng sha ni law nga ai shara ni hpe kahkyin la nhtawm, Jinghpaw Wunpawng State masat ya na matu myithkrum dawdan sai hte “Sinli Mungmyit Du salang Council” hpung hpe mung shangai daidaw dat sai.
2. Shawng ningnan na Sinli Mungmyit Du salang Council hpung a mu lamang jum ai ni gaw;-
(1) Howa duwa Maran Hkun Hpung – Ningbaw
(2) Sara kaba Ebbyu – Ningtau Ningbaw
(3) Kapna duwa Lahpai Zau Lawn – Amu madu
(4) Sara Kaaba Zau Yaw(Kutkai) – Ningtau Amu madu
(5) Duwa Maran Naw Seng (Namhkyek)-Bawng manang
(6) Duwa Zau Tang (Munggu) – Bawng manang
(7) Duwa Lum Hkawng (Nahkyem) – Bawng manang
(8) Duwa Hkun Seng (Mungmaw) – Bawng manang
(9) Salang Lashi Gam (Namhkyek) – Bawng manang
(10) Subeda Zau Bawk – Bawng manang
(11) Myo Ok Tu Lum – Bawng manang
(12) Tawng Ok Zau La – Bawng manang
(13) Tawng Ok Kareng Hkam – Bawng Manang
(14) Myo Ok Tang Gun – Bawng manang ni rai ma ai.
3. Ndai Sinli Mungmyit Du salang Council hpung kaw nna woi awn let Sinli Mungmyit ga hta Wunpawng sha ni a dailup dai hpang mungdaw lamu ga labau nga ai hte maren masat da lu na matu nhtoi (3.3.1945) ya shani hta C.A.S (B) (Civil Affair Service,Burma) rung de du salang marai (25) ta masat ka nna, laika shawn sai. Dai hpang nhtoi (1.6.1945) ya shani kalang mi bai du salang marai (45) ta masat ka nna bai kahtap tang shawn sai.Shingrai nhtoi (4.7.1945) ya shani du salang komiti zuphpawng kalang bai galaw nna nhtoi (13.7.1945) shani Sinli Hall de dingtawng sa nna, Sinli mung na Wunpawng sha ni hpe Zawbwa uphkang ai kaw na jahka na lam tsun tangshawn sai.Shaloi Sinli Zawbwa wa mung myit yu nna “English atsuya ni mung uphkang ai lam garai n lajang ai aten hta, Sinli mung na Wunpawng sha ni hpe Shi Zawbwa wa uphkang ai kaw na shalawt dat ni ai” nga ai laika hpe Shi hkum nan ta masat ka nna jaw dat sai. Ndai gaw anhte a jiwoi jiwa ni shakut shaja lai wa sai hte mi moi kaw nna labau nga ai a majaw bai masat shangrin hkat ai labau shang malap kau n mai ai lam ni rai nga ai.
4. (1946) January (16) ya hta Wunpawng sha ni gaw Myitkyina ginwang, Manmaw ginwang hte Mungmyit Sinli ga ni hpe Kata kaw nna, Kachin State masat ya na matu English atsuya kaw laika shawn ai shaloi; Mr.Stevenson (Director of frontier area) wa gaw; “Nanhte Sam mung na Wunpawng sha ni State hpyi jang Myitkyina, Manmaw ga pa layang na Myen Sam ni mung State hpyi wa na ma ai, shaloi Kachin State lajang ai hta pa layang daw n lawm wa na re, dai majaw Sam mung de na Kachin ni Sam du ni hte rau naw pawng kanawn nga na mai ai lam” tsun hpaji jaw ai hpe Sinli Mungmyit ga na Wunpawng du ni gaw hkap la ai hte Sinli Mungmyit ga hta Kachin Sub-State masat da na matu Sinli du wa hte myit hkrum ai hte nhtoi (9.12.1947) ya shani ga sadi laika hpe jawm ka da sai.Ndai gaw Kachin Sub-State byin pru wa ai lam rai sai.Mi moi kaw nna Sam hte Jinghpaw gaw shada n sa dip up sha hkat ai sha, kadai mung kade a shara hta tinang lahpan tinang tsap madu uphkang ai lam labau nga ai hte maren bai masat shagrin hkat ai lam rai nga mali ai.
5. Dai rai nna Kachin Sub-State gaw Munghpawm Myanmar mungdan shanglawt la ai ten (4.1.1948) ya shani hta, Sam mungdaw hte rau Sam mungdaw kata na Jinghpaw Wunpawng laksan madu uphkang mungdaw kaji hku nna Munghpawm Myanmar mungdan hta shanglawm wa sai. Ndai kaw bai sanglang ga nga yang; Kachin Sub-State Wunpawng ginra gaw mi moi English rai n du ai shawng shawng kaw nna, kade npu kaw mung taw ai lam n nga ai sha tinang madu uphkang ai Wunpawng mung du ga ni rai nga ga ai hpe aten masa hta hkan nna Sam mungdaw hte ginrun let rau Munghpawm Myanmar mungdan hta shanglawm wa ai rai nga mali ai.
6. Kachin Sub-State byin pru wa ai (9.12.1947) shani kaw nna Kachin Sub-State Council hpung gaw Sam mung nga Wunpawng sha ni hpe lam shagu hta woi awn uphkang jumtek lai wa ai gaw (1962) ning Ma.Sa.La Myen hpyen gumlau Council ni Munghpawm Myanmar mungdan ting hpe ahkang aya zing magra up kau ai shani du hkra rai nga mali ai.(1947-1962) ning laman Munghpawm rapdaw hte Sam mungdaw atsuya hta shanglawm ai, Kachin Sub-State a gawng malai parliament kasa hpe lawu de mying lawm ai ni gunhpai lai wa sai hpe mu lu ai.Dai ni gaw;-
(1) Slg.Lashi Gam hte Dingga Duwa Zau Ba (1947-1951)
(3) Duwa Luksing Zau Lat (1958-1960) Hpyen uphkang ai ten
(4) Duwa Luksing Zau Lat (1960-1962) ni hpe lata shalun san lai wa masai.
7. Kutkai Kachin Sub-State hta lawm ai mare ninghtawn ni gaw;-
(1) Kapna Wandin
(2) Munggu
(3) Hpawngseng
(4) Mungbaw
(5) Mungya
(6) Namhkyek
(7) Howa
(9) Manghang (Bumsan)
(10) Namkang Lung
(11) Kyinghung
(12) Munghawm
(13) Huhpyet
(14) Namtawng
(15) Mungli
(16) Dima
(17) Ninglum
(18) Ura Bum
(19) Banggai
(20) Hubren
(21) Mungji
(22) Namjawn
(23) Wohkyung
(24) Pying-ye
(25) Munghtam
(26) Lungwai
(27) Pangnoi
(28) Mungwun
(29) Nati
(30) Gangming
(31) Kunlung (sinna)
(32) Loikang
(33) Nanoi
(34) Namhpalum
(35) Kawnglim
(36) Zaubung Namhpaka
(37) Pyinghoi
(38) Galeng (loi)
(39) Galeng Kungsa
(40) Ganhtang
(41) Pangkut (loi)
(42) Pangkut (K)
(43) Mung-yu Laipau
(44) Humaw
(45) Nawnglung nebyeng mare buga ninghtawn ni rai nga ai.
(46) Lahta ZauBung. Hutau ( Namtau )
8. Kutkai Kachin Sub-State uphkang hkrang hta, Kutkai mare kaw ginjaw tawn nhtawm, ginwang ginjaw (5) bai karan nna uphkang ai hpe mu lu ai. Dai ni gaw;-
(1) Kutkai ginwang kahtawng mare ginjaw
(2) Namhpaka ginwang kahtawng mare ginjaw
(3) Mungbaw ginwang kahtawng mare ginjaw
(4) Mungji ginwang kahtawng mare ginjaw
(5) Gangming ginwang kahtawng mare ginjaw ni rai nga ai.
9. (1947-1962) ning laman Kachin Sub-State Du salang Council kaw nna woi-awn galaw gunhpai lai wa sai labau shang ai magam bungli nkau mi ni gaw;-
(i) Kachin Sub-State byin pru wa hkra woi-awn shakut shaja sai.
(ii) Kachin State (Jinghpaw Wunpawng mungdaw) hpyi ai lam hta n-gun dat lawm lai wa sai.
(iii) (12.2.1947) ya Panglung Agreement hta Howa duwa Hkun Hpung hte Kapna duwa ZauLawn yan shanglawm lai wa masai.
(iv) (28.8.1949) Duwa Naw Seng gumlau hpyen hpung ni hte Jinghpaw dap ni shada da dudaw sai hkaw lam n byin hkra htingram htingrat karum lam tam ya sai.
(v) (1950-1952) ning ten hta Kachin Sub-State de tawt lai shang wa ai KMT Miwa hpraw hpyen ni hpe mare ninghtawn shagu Village Defence Force (VDF) woi hpaw nna makawp maga gasat shaden kau lai wa sai.
(vi) Britisha prat Manghang majan ngut ai hpang Sam ni a lata de English wa jaw kau ai Muse-Jelan pa na Jinghpaw ni a hkauna lung (80) hpe Jinghpaw ni bai lu la hkra bai hpyi ya sai.
(vii) Jinghpaw Sut Hpaga Hpung (Kachin Trading Company) hpaw nna woi-awn lai wa sai.
10. Kachin Sub-State Du salang Council gaw (24.4.1959) ten Sam Zawbwa ni hpe ahkaw ahkang dawm kau shangun nna matsan dum kumhpa jaw ai hpe Sam Zawbwa ni gaw hkap la ma ai raitim Kachin Sub-State Wunpawng du salang ni gaw n la ma ai hpe mu lu ai.(1947-1962) ning du hkra shaning (15) ning laman tinang lu ai ahkaw ahkang hpe lang nna shawang tsaw ra myit dam lada ai hte mung shawa a akyu ara lam ni hpe mai byin dangdi dangdep lu ai daram woi awn pawn ba lai wa sai.(1962) ning Myen hpyen Ma,Sa.La atsuya ni Munghpawm Myanmar Mungdan ting hpe ahkaw ahkang zing magra uphkang kau ai shani kaw nna Kachin Sub-State hte Kachin Sub-State Council hpe mung dawm kau ya ai hte ahkaw ahkang mung pat kau ya ai gaw dai ni du hkra rai nga ai. Daini anhte tinang a sum machyi taw nga ai myusha ahkaw hkang hte dawhten nga ai labau hkringhtawng ni hpe bai gaw shachyaw sa wa na dai ni na amyusha ni yawng a lit rai nga ga ai hte maren myitmang langai hte jawm shakut sa wa ra saga ai law.
Source; Ram Padang Journal
