HUKAWNG JINGHPAW NI TSUN AI HKA MUNG (sh) HKAMUNG GA

Hkaman ni gaw, Mali Hkahku ginra de, buhtawt shang ngut ai hpang, Hukawng ginra pa de, bai ginru ginsa buhtawt hkrat bang ma ai. Hkaman ni nga ai majaw, Hkamung (Hkamung Ga) ngu ai byin wa ai n rai nga ai. Raitim, Hkaman ni Hkamung Ga kaw, nga lai mat wa ma ai. Hukawng Jinghpaw Dumsa Jaiwa ga hkum (Hukawng Jinghpaw Oral traditions) hta "Hkamung Ga" ngu ai lawm nga ai Dai sha n ga, Hukawng Jinghpaw hte India Singpho ni "Hkamung Ga"ngu nna, tsun jahta ai lam nga nga ma ai. Hkamung Ga na ningpawt ninghpang ginlam ahtik labau hpe Assam Buranjis (Burangji = History), Hmannan Yazawin, British Expeditionary Report hte ginra gaiwang official records hkan n mu lu nga ai. Raitim, Jinghpaw ni tsun nga ma ai. 1977 kaw shapraw ai Arunachal news hta Dr. Raikar ka bang ai, Khamong and the Khamti, "Place of Khomong in the History of the khamtis” ngu ai article yan hte Vijoynagar, the Forgotten Khomong ngu ai laili laika buk kaji sha nga nga ai. "Khamung" nga ai ga hkum (not khamung history) gaw Govt. office records ni hkan 1935 hkan du hkra, lawm lawm rai nga ai. Khamti ni na ninggup maubung labau mausa hta, "Khamung" ngu ai gaw 18th century AD lapran hkan na nga wa sai lam, tsun hkai nga ma ai.

Kachin ginra kaw, Jinghpaw hte sam ni na ninggup labau hta "Hka Mung" (Hkamung Ga) ngu ai gaw, nga lai wa nna, tsun hkai ai, rai nga ai. Dr.Y.Araikar hte S. N Barna yan "Hkamung" hpe matut sanglang ai, lam gaw, "Hkamung" ngu ai sam ga hkum rai nhtawm, "Mayam mung" ngu ai lachyum re hpe, madi madun ai(Kha = Slave, mong or mung = country or place). Khomong gaw Khamung re lam mung tsun da nga ma ai. Mayam hpe "Kha" ngu ai gaw Sam sha n rai nga ai. Nokte Naga na Layo hpan ni mung mayam hpe "Kha" ngu nhtawm, Noktes gaw mayam hpe "Sha" ngu nga ma ai. Tangsa Naga mi mung mayam hpe "Vim-sha" ngu nga ma ai. Raitim, ndai kaw tsun ai gamung ginlam na "Khamung" gaw Sam ga hkum na pru wa ai ga hkum rai nga ai. Teng ai ginlam langai gaw Khamong ngu ai ga hkum hpe Jinghpaw hte Sam ninggup labau hta tsun hkrat wa tim, Sam ga hkum hpe Jinghpaw ni mung hta lang tsun mat wa ai, rai nga ai. Logically hku myit maram yang, Sam ni shan hte nga ginra hpe, mayam mung (Slave country, slave land) ngu nna, tinang ginra hpe shamying la na gaw ginlam n ang nga ai. Marai langai ngai (shr) myu hpan langai ngai na ginra hpe, Sam ni "Khamung" ngu nna shamying ai gaw, grau nna lam ang, reasonable byin nga ai.

Hkamung Ga ngu ai gaw, Putao na sinna - lawu maga de nga ai Chyaukang hkyet grupyin hte matut manoi ai ginra kaw nna, (1) Kachin ginra kata de, Tarung Hkawng mayan hte (2) India kata de, Diyum hka lahta de Vijoynagar ginra du hkra, rai nga ai. Vijoynagar ginra gaw Chyaukang pass hte matut nga ai. Tsun ga nga yang, Khamung Ga gaw chyen mi India de lawm nhtawm, chyen mi gaw Myen-Kachin ginra de lawm rawng nga ai. Chyaukang Hkyet makau na "Vijoynagar" ngu ai mying gaw, 1961-62 hkan na she, pru wa ai rai nga ai. Ndai shawng daw de gaw, Khamong Ga ngu ai re. Vijoynagar ngu ai gaw Assam Rifles na Inspector General - Brigadier Vijoy mying kaw nna, shalat pru wa ai, rai nga ai.

S. N. Barna gaw Hkamung Ga hte seng nna, tsun da ai gaw, "It was once upon a time, a colony of slaves said to have been possessed by the Khamtis, if not by the Singphos...", ngu da ai (S. N. Barna gaw Patkai Bum mayan, " Indo-Burma border" hta Govt. officer kaba hku nna, Shaning 30 magam bungli galaw lai sai wa, rai nga ai). S. N. Barna gaw Khamung Ga ginra hta, up lai mat wa ai mayam madu ni gaw, Jinghpaw n rai yang Khamti rai na re ngu tsun da nga ai. Matut nna Barna hte Dr. Y.A Raikar yan tsun ai hpe British Expeditionary reports, official records hte Assamese Buranjis ni hkan maram yu yang, mayam wunawng wuwa madu ai ni gaw, Jinghpaw ni re lam, tsun da nga ai. Singpho-British Treaty, May 5, 1826 ginlam hta Capt. Neufville hku nna, Jinghpaw Duwa ni na mayam 6,000 hpe Khamung Ga (along the Diyum Hka up to the Chyaukang Hkyet) ginra kaw nna shalawt dat ai lam nga nga ai.

Kachin Hukawng pa hte India Northeast ginra hta, British official matsing sumhting laika hku tsun yang, mayam wunawng wuwa madu ai gaw Jinghpaw ni rai nga ai. Sam ni kaw mayam kade nga ai lam, mayam kade shalawt kau ya ai lam, ka matsing da ai gamung ginlam n rawng nga ai. Dai sha n ga, hkawhkam hkaw-seng hte nga mat wa ai Ahom (Assamese) ni hta mung Jinghpaw zawm, mayam nga ai ginlam n tsun da nga ma ai. Jinghpaw Duwa ni na mayam shalaw ya ai gaw, Assam mayam rai nga ai. Ava Myen hkawhkam ni, Manipur hte Assam hpe n sa gasat ai ten kaw nna, Jinghpaw Duwa ni hta Mungnun mayam (Assamese Slaves) ni hte Duania mayam ni nga nga sai. Duania (Dowaniya) ngu ai amyu bawsang ni paw pru wa ai ten nau n na shi nga ai. Jinghpaw ni Hukawng pa mayan de ginru ginsa shang nga hkrat wa ai hpang pra paw wa ai Jinghpaw Wunpawng kasha hpan rai nga ai. Duania gaw Jinghpaw hte lu la ai Assam mayam num ni kaw na, bai shangai pra pru wa ai Jinghpaw kasha bawsang hpan ni rai nga ai.

Tsun ga nga yang, Duania gaw Jinghpaw Assam sai gayau (Jinghpaw -Assamese hybrid) ai amyu rai nna, Jinghpaw ni hku tsun shaga nhtawm, Jinghpaw htunghking lailen lang mat ai, rai nga ai. Duania ngu ai ni yawng gaw Jinghpaw Duwa ni na mayam hkrai rai nga ai. 1819 ning hta, Ava Myen hkawhkam hpyen la ni Assam de shang gasat hkat ai shaoi, Rongpur kaw ngam kau da ai Mingyi Maha Thilwa hte Bandula (Bogle Phukan) ni kaw Hukawng pa na Jinghpaw Duwa ni na mayam, Duania Jinghpaw hpyela, Jinghpaw hpyeta, Mungnun mayam hpyela ni 2000 ram lawm nga ai.

Ndai kaw Myen hkawhkam hpyenla nkau lawm nga ai. Assam de majam gasat sa mat wa ai ni gaw Hukawng-Khamung Ga na Jinghpaw Duwa hpung ni, rai nga ma ai. Assam na Dibrugarh kaw Man Katta ngu ai ginra lawk langai nga ai. Hkarangleng daru hte kade n tsan ai. Dai ni du hkra. Assamese ni tsun hkai ai gaw, Myen hpyenla manu mana sat hkrum, si ru ai ginra re, ngu nna madi madum nga ma ai. Dai ginra hpe Man Katta ngu nga ,ma ai. (Man = Myen, Burmese, Katta = Kahtam ai, katawng ai, sat ai, "Myen hpe katawng kahtam sat ai share" ngu ai tachyum hpe, hkap sanglang dan ma ai.). Assam - Margherita Dist., Inthem (I-them Ga) mare kahtawng Raw Singpho ni hte rau, "Man" ngu ai ni nga nga ai. Shanhte hpe san yu yang, moi Myen hkawhkam na, Myen hpyenla ngam aru arat ni, re lam hpe mare buga masha ni yawng tsun nga ma ai. Raitim, shanhte gaw, Myen ga hku, tsepkawp n chye mat sai. Assamese, Jinghpaw hpe chye na shaga nga ma ai. Myen ni Assam ginra de kasat hkat sa ai ten hta, Jinghpaw Duwa ni mayam hpyenla n shang garum yang, Myen gaw Assam majan (Assam war) hpe dang lu na ginjang masa n nga nga ai. Mankatta sha ra hta Myen hpyenla wunawng wuwa si hkrum sum mat nga ai. Assam kaw ngam mat ai Myen hpyenla ni gaw, Jinghpaw hte rau bai ngam nga mat ai. Ndai Myen ni hpe dai ni du hkra "Man" ngu nga ma ai. Jinghpaw Duwa ni Myen -Assam majan hta, myit lawm ai lam, shanglawm ai ginlam gaw Assamese (Mungnun) ni hpe rim mahkawng la nhtawm, mayam shatai mayu ai majaw sha rai nga ai.

Pisa Duwa Pisa La Doi mung, "Khamung Ga" ginra nkau gaw shanhte Pisa lamu ga re lam mung tsun madi mat wa ai. Bai nna,Yobin (India kaw Lisu hpe Yobin ngu ma ai) ni mung Margherita de, Pisa Duwa, Pisa La Doi hpang sa nhtawm, Pisa Duwa ni ningpu kaw nga lu na matu hte, Pisa Duwa hpang hkanse kawn bang na ginlam ni hpyi tsun ma ai. Assam-Margherita de, sa hkrat wa nna, Pisa ' Duwa La Doi kaw sa hpyi tsun ai gaw, moi lai mat wa sai kaji kawoi prat hta, "Khamung Ga" gaw Pisa Duwa ni madu, up-sha, gumhkawng lai mat wa ai majaw, rai nga ai. Dai majaw, Lisu ni daini du hkra, Maio lahta de, Dihing Hka mayan kaw nna, Vijoynagar du hkra nga de ma ai. Hukawng hkran de na Tarung Hkawng (Hkamung ga) hta mung, Hukawng Jinghpaw Duwa ni madu up mat wa nga ai. Ndai ginra kaw Hukawng Jinghpaw Duwa ni, Sam wunawng wuwa hpe mayam shatai kau nhtawm, Jinghpaw bai tai mat hkra prat shamat mayan mungdan kaba hku, nga lai mat wa ai. Ndai gin lam hpe Capt. P. R, Gordon mung,"'Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society", Vol-xxvii 1895, p157 hta tsun da nga ai. P. R. Gordon tsun ai gaw,

'Strange to say this Tairongs themselves spoke Singpho, the explanation of this being as follows, the Tairongs, who originally lived somewhere in the direction of the upper Irrawady started for Assam to join some Naras who had proceeded them thither. Unfortunetly, for them they had to pass through the Singpho country. As the passed through the country they were taken captives by the Singphoes. They remained as captives for five years according to their own account, but probably for longer, as they quite forgot their own language and adopted the language of their captors. It is strange that even to this day Tairongs , talk nothing but Singpho'

ngu ai rai nga ai.Tairong ni Jinghpaw duwa ni a mayam wa tai mat ai mung "Hkamung Ga" rai nga ai. Dai majaw, Sam ni mung "mayam mungdan" ngu ai, rai nga ai.

British Govt. "1833 - The Slavery Abolition Act" hku nna, 1925/26 - 1928/ 29 lapran Kachin ginra hta Jinghpaw Duwa ni kaw na shalawt kau dat hkrum ai mayam 8,960 rai nga ai. Mayam shalawt kau dat ai kaw jailang ai gumhpraw gaw Rs. 516, 518 tup rai nga ai. Lahta na mayam jahpan gaw Jinghpaw ni kaw na hkrai, rai nga ai. British ni mayam shalawt masing hpe Hukawng hte Mali-Nmai ginra hta sha, galaw ma ai. Ndai ginra gaw Jinghpaw nga ai ginra hkrai rai nga ai.

British ni mayam shalawt masing hta, mayam 8,960 hpe shalawt kau dat ai hta, Capt. Neufville shalawt kau dat ai Singpho Duwa ni na mayam 6,000 jahpan pyi n lawm shi ai hpe, mulu nga ai. "Hkamung Ga" kaw gaw "Hkaman" ni nga nna "Hkamung" ngu ai n re. Hkamung Ga kaw gaw Hkaman ni nga ma ai. Mayam madu gaw Jinghpaw Duwa ni hkrai ' rai nhtawm, mayam gawtinang myu hpan kaw na hkawt, myu hpan hpan lawm nga ai hpe, British mayam shamyit shatsai masing ginlam hku nna chye lu nga ai.
Jinghpaw ni tsun ai Hkamung Ga ginlam gamung hpe, ndai kaw, jahkring daga.
References1. Barna. S. N., Tribes of Indo-Burma Border: A Socieo-cultural History of the Inhabitants oftha Patkai Range, New Dehli, 1991, p -69. •• 2. Barna, Opcit, p -190. 3. Da/ton, E. T., Descritive Ethnology of Bangal, Calcutta, 1872, p -10. and. Birendra Chandra Chakavorty. British Relations with jhe Hill Tribes of Assam. Since 1858, Calcutta. 1964, p-12.4. Maran Brang Di, Prat Ningnan Wunpawng Ahtik Labau Kadun, New Dehli, 1996, p - 69. and, Needham, J. F. Outline Grammer of Singpho Language as Spoken by the Sinphos ofSjdiya, Shillong,1889. 5. SBhuyan. S. K., Anglo-Assamese Relations, Gauhati, 1949,p-473. f 6. Barna, Opcit, p-190. *
Maran Brang DiKachin Historical Research Centre
Sourec; Pyilan LunghtawnSept, 2004

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DUWA,UPHKANG,MASA

Duwa,Up hkang, Masa

Moi chyaloi nhkoi prat kaw nna 1960 ning du hkra Jinghpaw WP shani gaw tinang lamu ga,tinang mung dan hpe hpan karai jaw ai ahkaw ahkang hte up hkang lai wa sai re.
Up hkang ai ni gaw jinghpaw mungdu( DUWA )ni re.Mungdu ni a up hkang ai prat hta mung masa hpan (3) hte up hkang lai wa sai lam mu lu nga ai.
(1) Gumchying gumsa Masa,
(2) Gumlau masa,
(3) Gumrawng gumtsa masa, ndai masa hte up hkang lai wa sai.

Ndai zawn mung up hkang masa hta hpang nhkrat ai sha myusha hte mung dan hpe makawp maga woi awn lai wa sai lam chye lu ga ai.
No.(3) ngu na gumrawng gum tsa msa gaw Daini na mung kan madang dep ai mung masa re hpe shing daw yu maram chye lu nga ga ai. .**.....hpang de naw matut na......**

ref: What Kachin Believe And Practice (volume 1.)
page No(92)Hti yuga.

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JINGHPAW MUNG MASA MAJUN

JINGHPAW MUNG MASA MAJUN

Amyu langai myi gaw shi a mung masa nga nga ai.Dai tinang a mung msa hte nan tinang a amyu hte mungdan hpe up hkang ai hpe ra sharawng nna shang lawt hpyi ai lam rai nga ai.Manang wa a mung masa kade kaja timtinang a nre majaw,tinang hpe up hkang nhkam ai lam rai nga mali ai.Jing hpaw ni gaw 1960 ning kaw nna Tinang a mungmasa shamat kau sai amyu rai nga ga ai.Mung masa shamat sai majaw tinang a mung masa hpe malapwa sai ni rai nga saga ai.Mungmasa shamat ai shaning 40 ning jan 50 shining de du wa sai,tinang a mung masa hte up hkang na nhtuk dum jang mung dai mung masa hpe atsawm sha makawp maga kyem da nna masat dingsat ,kasi kamang hku lang nna mung dan hpe gaw gap htuk ai kaga mung masa hte up hkang nga mai ai.

Jinghpaw Wunpawng myu sha ni a mungmasa madung gaw hpa rai ta?Hka ja yu ga,shakut ga law.............Matut na.

ref: What Kachin Believe And Practice (volume 1.)

page No(80-84)Hti yuga.

Ka ai..Sara Pungga jali

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The Most Famous Places In Kachin State

Famous places in kachin state,

• Phakant,
• Karing naw,
• Jaw bum,
• Myint Sone( Mali nmai hka Mazup)
• Putao
• Hukawng (Danai)

• Phankant Phakant is a famous Town because of its natural resources, Jade and Gold . The quality of our phakant jade is the best in the world. People from different parts of Myanmar even from China can be seen at Phakant.Most of our Kachin main business is depending on Jade and Gold.
  

Karing Naw , Jaw Bum and Myint Sone( Mali nmai hka Mazup)

Karing Naw is the only one recreation place in Myitkyina which has a beautiful rock along the river bank.

Jaw Bum is a small hill which is famous place for prayer.

Myint Sone( Mali nmai hka Mazup) is a place where the two river , May Hka and Mali Hka meet together and flow as the Ayarwady River.Above the three famous places are located in Myitkyina, the capital of Kachin State.

Reference : myitkyin.com

PUTAO

Situated in the north of Myitkyina, the capital city of Kachin state, can reach only by air route. The city surrounded with snow peaked mountains and the weather is cold around the year. Flora and Fauna can be seen in the forest around Putao. There are also many different ethnic minority tribes in Kachin state.This area is famous for its Nature of originated Flora, especially there are many various kinds of orchids and even the world rarest Black orchids can be found in this area. And for fauna, one of the rarest animal species, Takin (Budorcas Taxicolor), Red Panda (Ailurus Fulgens), Black Bears, Black Deer, are all endemic to this region.Other terrestrial species of Monkeys, Boars, Mountain Goats can also seen on this region. Various kinds of Butterflies can be seen in this area on the month of January. The Butterflies including such as an endangered species can be found, among them are Kaiser, Apollo, Bhutan, Glory and Birdwings.The trees such as different colors of Rhododendrons, Maple trees and various kinds of Bamboos are also seen in this area. The month of January and April is the best month to see the butterflies, flowers and orchids in the icy forest. ref: Monyawa web,

Hukawng Valley
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Hukawng Valley is an isolated valley in Burma, roughly 5,586 square miles in area. It is located in Tanaing Township in the Myitkyina District of Kachin State in the northernmost part of the country.
Ringed by steep mountain ranges to the north, east and west, the valley is known as a habitat of tigers, but encroachment by man has greatly decreased their numbers, to perhaps as few as 100 animals. In 2004, the government established the world's largest tiger preserve in the Hukawng Valley, the Hukawang Valley Wildlife Sanctuary, with an area of approximately 2,500 square miles. The government's establishment of the preserve was accomplished in cooperation with the Kachin Independent Army, a formerly-rebel group that inhabits the region.
The extremely rare leaf muntjac, also known as the phet-gyi, dwarf deer or leaf deer, also lives in the Hukawng.
Major industry includes amber and gold mining. In 2006, a fossil of the earliest known species of bee was discovered in amber taken from a mine in the Hukawng Valley.

Reference
http://www.npr.org/programs/re/archivesdate/2004/mar/tigers/

Presented ByBu Bu

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KACHIN YOUTH

KACHIN YOUTH


Kachin Land was a separate country before the British rule but after the British colonization, Kachin state became a part of Burma. The historians did not talk about the situation of youth in Kachin during their own rule by the “DUWA” but according to the old aged people, Kachin youth in those days are very honest, simple, hardworking and very enthusiastic in learning. There were no drug addicts and thefts in those days.
Today, the situation of the young people is very much different from the past. The majority of the Kachin youth could not go to college because of financial difficulties. Our natural resources are exploited by a handful group of people closed to the military Generals. Most of the young people is depending on their parents for the study. The young people who stop studying do not get proper job, even the graduates are still wandering as the Government could not give them jobs and there is no suitable jobs for the graduates in private side as well. Their hopes and dreams are faded away.
Finally, hopeless and jobless situation push them to drug. Drug is available at everywhere in Kachin State. The military Government’s drug control program is not effective and successful. After the cease-fire, the cold war is still going on between the military government and the Kachin Independent Organization and the kachin civilians are suffered physically and mentally. Every bad consequence is caused by the dictatorial military government.
The Kachin young people are the future of our Kachin State. If this kind of desperate situation is keep on going, our future would be hopeless. The global communities should be aware of this hopeless situation and the UN Security Council must step forward to take action against the dictatorial military government.
Peace, prosperity and equality among the Ethnics and the Burman depend on the Government. Good Government is the only answer for the future of our Kachin and the other Ethnics in Myanmar.

By, Duwa ADd
Kualalumpur,
Malaysia

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Hu gawng Mung du 12

Hugawng mung gaw mung du 12 up hkang lai wa sai mung re.
Ya dai ni na prat hta Mung du nkau myi gaw INDIA mung dan de naw ngam nga nga ai lam chye lu ai.(pyisa bawm a wan kra)--Mungdu prat hta Naga ( Darung,Dawang,Danai,ni hpe up ai Jinghpaw mung du,Sam ni hte Hku ai Jing hpaw mung du,Man hkaw hkam ni hte hku ai mung du,Tinang Magam wala htan bam,Badang lahkran hkawng rap ai Gum rawng gum tsa Mungdu.
Laisai ten na daru magam hpe ga baw langai hte langai Matut nna ka mat wa na re.

Ngai Maripdung gum zet nyau chyang shing let gaw Hu gawng mungdu Ka ang hkup (Jinghpawng Mung du 6) a jing hku kashu wa rai nga nngai law.


Email : mrgumzet@gmail.com/ hugawng@gmail.com
kaw e hpaji jaw mai nga ai lam shana dat nngai law.

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Jinghpaw WP myushani yu hkrat wa ai Map sumla hte Labau

WHO ARE THE KACHINS?

----------------------------

Kachins are Jinghpaw, Maru (Lawngwaw), Lashi (Lachit), Zaiwa (Azi), Rawang, Lisu (some books mention Yodwin) and five other sub-groups. These six major groups, including five other different sub-groups, are together known as Kachins. They have same traditions, customs, dialects and practices. Kachins originated from Central Asia (Ka-ang Shingra). They migrated from Central Asia via Persia;

Tashkent and Sarmakand (Southern Russia); Mongolia; Huhethot, Kan Su, Tsing Hai Districts, Yalo Tsangpo of Republic of China. Then they were back to the Tsing Hai District (China) and landed to the place called: Chengtu (China).

Then they finally migrated to the present occupied land called: The Kachinland. After migrating to the land, some of them strayed away to India (Singphos), China (Jingpos or Jinghpos, most of them in China speak Zaiwa) and most of the Kachins migrated to the Northern Burma: Kachinland. It is only about 2662 years old that the Kachins live in the present land. They were explorers, and were moving along the riverbanks where they could find fertile lands.

WHERE DO THE KACHINS LIVE?

Most of the Kachins live in their own land.
They had a separate country before the British Rule, but then it became a part of Burma after the Rule. Total area of the Kachinland measures about 33,903 square miles, located between 23o-3' to 28o - 29' N Latitude and 96o - 99o E Longitudes. Kachinland is adjoining with Peoples Republic of China in the East, Democratic Republic of India in the West, Tibet in the North and Burma in the South. About 50% of the total area of the Kachinland are hills and mountains up to the height of 5,881 metres above the sea level.

Kachinland is rich in natural resources. Jades and teak-timbers are the best in quality, and production of gold per unit area is the highest, in the world.

The land is covered with undisturbed-natural forests. The rarest natural species like Black Orchids, White Pheasants, and golden fishes in the confluence of Mali and Nmai rivers are observed. There are mainly three seasons in the Kachinland viz., Yinam ta , sometimes also written as Lanam ta (Rainy Season), i.e., middle of May to middle of October; N'lum ta (Summer Season) is from middle of February to middle of May, and N'shung ta (Winter Season) starts from middle of October and ends in February. Annual Mean Daily Temperature ranges from 4 - 36 oC with 60 - 95% Relative Humidity. Hill cities, like Putao, have a very low temperature ranging from -4 to 18oC with low humidity. The uppermost part of Kachinland, including the most beautiful Plateau-city (Putao) falls in temperate zone. The maximum temperature of 40 oC was recorded in 1996. Annual rainfall ranges from 80 to 200 inches. More rainfall has been observed in mountainous parts of the land.

Myitkyina (is the capital city, estimated living about 4-6 million people including Non-Kachins (NKs.), Manmaw (Bhamo), Mukawng (Mogaung), Putau-U (Putao), Mohnyin, and Katha are the major cities of the Kachinland. International airport and the second largest station of Burmese railway are located in Myikyina.

Ledo Road (some literature mentioned as Old StilWell Road) is connected to the world via China in the east and via India in the west. The Road is one of the most ever expensive ones in the world spending more than US $ 137 millions in some 1942 - 1944, constructed under the leadership of Gen. Stil Well. Captain E R Leech, Dr Ola Hanson, were some of the famous authors who wrote about the Kachins. Meanwhile, due to envitable circumstances of communication with the people, they could not mention the true to type of the Kachins. This book though not mentions about the Kachins in detail, it gives you true colours and real History of the Kachins in brief.


This is just a brief Introduction about the Kachins. The book: Kachins are Not Tribe, is yet to be completed due to complexity of Five or more Families. The research is done by the author et al with the due effort to support the statement while taking care of the word: Tribe. Strictly speaking, Kachins are not Tribe - they have their own Class with Five Ruling families viz., Lahtaw, Lahpai, Nhkum, Maran and Marip. Kachins originated from Ka-ang shingra and the civilization started in Majoi Shingra. Most of the Kachins and other workers understand that the Word Majoi Shingra as Mount Everest as it pronounces closely to it. The right pronunciation of the word: Majoi Shingra and its meaning for what we want is entirely different from what some of others think. Majoi Shingra for Mount Everest is a bit higher as in majoi tsun ai and Majoi Shingra for what is that not clear to us pronounces a bit lower in Majoi as in Lu Htoi or wan htoi.

Thus, original place of the Kachins are not yet clear because of the gap of communication to translate Mungding Ga (Historical Words) spoken by ancestors of the Kachins. Ka-ang itself is clear, meaning: Centre while Shingra is difficult to understand at this time. Shingra, in other words, means nature or melancholy. The word melancholy is not applicable in terms of Anthropological view. Yet, there is another Mungding Ga: Majoi Shingra, to be translated. If the Word Ka-ang Shingra and Majoi Shingra is clear, the original place of the Kachins will be clear accordingly.

ref: by Jinghpaw Wunpawng jawng ma hpung web kaw na laika ngau rai li ai.

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