Hkaman ni gaw, Mali Hkahku ginra de, buhtawt shang ngut ai hpang, Hukawng ginra pa de, bai ginru ginsa buhtawt hkrat bang ma ai. Hkaman ni nga ai majaw, Hkamung (Hkamung Ga
) ngu ai byin wa ai n rai nga ai. Raitim, Hkaman ni Hkamung Ga kaw, nga lai mat wa ma ai. Hukawng Jinghpaw Dumsa Jaiwa ga hkum (Hukawng Jinghpaw Oral traditions) hta "Hkamung Ga" ngu ai lawm nga ai Dai sha n ga, Hukawng Jinghpaw hte India Singpho ni "Hkamung Ga"ngu nna, tsun jahta ai lam nga nga ma ai. Hkamung Ga na ningpawt ninghpang ginlam ahtik labau hpe Assam Buranjis (Burangji = History), Hmannan Yazawin, British Expeditionary Report hte ginra gaiwang official records hkan n mu lu nga ai. Raitim, Jinghpaw ni tsun nga ma ai. 1977 kaw shapraw ai Arunachal news hta Dr. Raikar ka bang ai, Khamong and the Khamti, "Place of Khomong in the History of the khamtis” ngu ai article yan hte Vijoynagar, the Forgotten Khomong ngu ai laili laika buk kaji sha nga nga ai. "Khamung" nga ai ga hkum (not khamung history) gaw Govt. office records ni hkan 1935 hkan du hkra, lawm lawm rai nga ai. Khamti ni na ninggup maubung labau mausa hta, "Khamung" ngu ai gaw 18th century AD lapran hkan na nga wa sai lam, tsun hkai nga ma ai.
Kachin ginra kaw, Jinghpaw hte sam ni na ninggup labau hta "Hka Mung" (Hkamung Ga) ngu ai gaw, nga lai wa nna, tsun hkai ai, rai nga ai. Dr.Y.Araikar hte S. N Barna yan "Hkamung" hpe matut sanglang ai, lam gaw, "Hkamung" ngu ai sam ga hkum rai nhtawm, "Mayam mung" ngu ai lachyum re hpe, madi madun ai(Kha = Slave, mong or mung = country or place). Khomong gaw Khamung re lam mung tsun da nga ma ai. Mayam hpe "Kha" ngu ai gaw Sam sha n rai nga ai. Nokte Naga na Layo hpan ni mung mayam hpe "Kha" ngu nhtawm, Noktes gaw mayam hpe "Sha" ngu nga ma ai. Tangsa Naga mi mung mayam hpe "Vim-sha" ngu nga ma ai. Raitim, ndai kaw tsun ai gamung ginlam na "Khamung" gaw Sam ga hkum na pru wa ai ga hkum rai nga ai. Teng ai ginlam langai gaw Khamong ngu ai ga hkum hpe Jinghpaw hte Sam ninggup labau hta tsun hkrat wa tim, Sam ga hkum hpe Jinghpaw ni mung hta lang tsun mat wa ai, rai nga ai. Logically hku myit maram yang, Sam ni shan hte nga ginra hpe, mayam mung (Slave country, slave land) ngu nna, tinang ginra hpe shamying la na gaw ginlam n ang nga ai. Marai langai ngai (shr) myu hpan langai ngai na ginra hpe, Sam ni "Khamung" ngu nna shamying ai gaw, grau nna lam ang, reasonable byin nga ai.Hkamung Ga ngu ai gaw, Putao na sinna - lawu maga de nga ai Chyaukang hkyet grupyin hte matut manoi ai ginra kaw nna, (1) Kachin ginra kata de, Tarung Hkawng mayan hte (2) India kata de, Diyum hka lahta de Vijoynagar ginra du hkra, rai nga ai. Vijoynagar ginra gaw Chyaukang pass hte matut nga ai. Tsun ga nga yang, Khamung Ga gaw chyen mi India de lawm nhtawm, chyen mi gaw Myen-Kachin ginra de lawm rawng nga ai. Chyaukang Hkyet makau na "Vijoynagar" ngu ai mying gaw, 1961-62 hkan na she, pru wa ai rai nga ai. Ndai shawng daw de gaw, Khamong Ga ngu ai re. Vijoynagar ngu ai gaw Assam Rifles na Inspector General - Brigadier Vijoy mying kaw nna, shalat pru wa ai, rai nga ai.
S. N. Barna gaw Hkamung Ga hte seng nna, tsun da ai gaw, "It was once upon a time, a colony of slaves said to have been possessed by the Khamtis, if not by the Singphos...", ngu da ai (S. N. Barna gaw Patkai Bum mayan, " Indo-Burma border" hta Govt. officer kaba hku nna, Shaning 30 magam bungli galaw lai sai wa, rai nga ai). S. N. Barna gaw Khamung Ga ginra hta, up lai mat wa ai mayam madu ni gaw, Jinghpaw n rai yang Khamti rai na re ngu tsun da nga ai. Matut nna Barna hte Dr. Y.A Raikar yan tsun ai hpe British Expeditionary reports, official records hte Assamese Buranjis ni hkan maram yu yang, mayam wunawng wuwa madu ai ni gaw, Jinghpaw ni re lam, tsun da nga ai. Singpho-British Treaty, May 5, 1826 ginlam hta Capt. Neufville hku nna, Jinghpaw Duwa ni na mayam 6,000 hpe Khamung Ga (along the Diyum Hka up to the Chyaukang Hkyet) ginra kaw nna shalawt dat ai lam nga nga ai.
Kachin Hukawng pa hte India Northeast ginra hta, British official matsing sumhting laika hku tsun yang, mayam wunawng wuwa madu ai gaw Jinghpaw ni rai nga ai. Sam ni kaw mayam kade nga ai lam, mayam kade shalawt kau ya ai lam, ka matsing da ai gamung ginlam n rawng nga ai. Dai sha n ga, hkawhkam hkaw-seng hte nga mat wa ai Ahom (Assamese) ni hta mung Jinghpaw zawm, mayam nga ai ginlam n tsun da nga ma ai. Jinghpaw Duwa ni na mayam shalaw ya ai gaw, Assam mayam rai nga ai. Ava Myen hkawhkam ni, Manipur hte Assam hpe n sa gasat ai ten kaw nna, Jinghpaw Duwa ni hta Mungnun mayam (Assamese Slaves) ni hte Duania mayam ni nga nga sai. Duania (Dowaniya) ngu ai amyu bawsang ni paw pru wa ai ten nau n na shi nga ai. Jinghpaw ni Hukawng pa mayan de ginru ginsa shang nga hkrat wa ai hpang pra paw wa ai Jinghpaw Wunpawng kasha hpan rai nga ai. Duania gaw Jinghpaw hte lu la ai Assam mayam num ni kaw na, bai shangai pra pru wa ai Jinghpaw kasha bawsang hpan ni rai nga ai.
Tsun ga nga yang, Duania gaw Jinghpaw Assam sai gayau (Jinghpaw -Assamese hybrid) ai amyu rai nna, Jinghpaw ni hku tsun shaga nhtawm, Jinghpaw htunghking lailen lang mat ai, rai nga ai. Duania ngu ai ni yawng gaw Jinghpaw Duwa ni na mayam hkrai rai nga ai. 1819 ning hta, Ava Myen hkawhkam hpyen la ni Assam de shang gasat hkat ai shaoi, Rongpur kaw ngam kau da ai Mingyi Maha Thilwa hte Bandula (Bogle Phukan) ni kaw Hukawng pa na Jinghpaw Duwa ni na mayam, Duania Jinghpaw hpyela, Jinghpaw hpyeta, Mungnun mayam hpyela ni 2000 ram lawm nga ai.
Ndai kaw Myen hkawhkam hpyenla nkau lawm nga ai. Assam de majam gasat sa mat wa ai ni gaw Hukawng-Khamung Ga na Jinghpaw Duwa hpung ni, rai nga ma ai. Assam na Dibrugarh kaw Man Katta ngu ai ginra lawk langai nga ai. Hkarangleng daru hte kade n tsan ai. Dai ni du hkra. Assamese ni tsun hkai ai gaw, Myen hpyenla manu mana sat hkrum, si ru ai ginra re, ngu nna madi madum nga ma ai. Dai ginra hpe Man Katta ngu nga ,ma ai. (Man = Myen, Burmese, Katta = Kahtam ai, katawng ai, sat ai, "Myen hpe katawng kahtam sat ai share" ngu ai tachyum hpe, hkap sanglang dan ma ai.). Assam - Margherita Dist., Inthem (I-them Ga) mare kahtawng Raw Singpho ni hte rau, "Man" ngu ai ni nga nga ai. Shanhte hpe san yu yang, moi Myen hkawhkam na, Myen hpyenla ngam aru arat ni, re lam hpe mare buga masha ni yawng tsun nga ma ai. Raitim, shanhte gaw, Myen ga hku, tsepkawp n chye mat sai. Assamese, Jinghpaw hpe chye na shaga nga ma ai. Myen ni Assam ginra de kasat hkat sa ai ten hta, Jinghpaw Duwa ni mayam hpyenla n shang garum yang, Myen gaw Assam majan (Assam war) hpe dang lu na ginjang masa n nga nga ai. Mankatta sha ra hta Myen hpyenla wunawng wuwa si hkrum sum mat nga ai. Assam kaw ngam mat ai Myen hpyenla ni gaw, Jinghpaw hte rau bai ngam nga mat ai. Ndai Myen ni hpe dai ni du hkra "Man" ngu nga ma ai. Jinghpaw Duwa ni Myen -Assam majan hta, myit lawm ai lam, shanglawm ai ginlam gaw Assamese (Mungnun) ni hpe rim mahkawng la nhtawm, mayam shatai mayu ai majaw sha rai nga ai.
Pisa Duwa Pisa La Doi mung, "Khamung Ga" ginra nkau gaw shanhte Pisa lamu ga re lam mung tsun madi mat wa ai. Bai nna,Yobin (India kaw Lisu hpe Yobin ngu ma ai) ni mung Margherita de, Pisa Duwa, Pisa La Doi hpang sa nhtawm, Pisa Duwa ni ningpu kaw nga lu na matu hte, Pisa Duwa hpang hkanse kawn bang na ginlam ni hpyi tsun ma ai. Assam-Margherita de, sa hkrat wa nna, Pisa ' Duwa La Doi kaw sa hpyi tsun ai gaw, moi lai mat wa sai kaji kawoi prat hta, "Khamung Ga" gaw Pisa Duwa ni madu, up-sha, gumhkawng lai mat wa ai majaw, rai nga ai. Dai majaw, Lisu ni daini du hkra, Maio lahta de, Dihing Hka mayan kaw nna, Vijoynagar du hkra nga de ma ai. Hukawng hkran de na Tarung Hkawng (Hkamung ga) hta mung, Hukawng Jinghpaw Duwa ni madu up mat wa nga ai. Ndai ginra kaw Hukawng Jinghpaw Duwa ni, Sam wunawng wuwa hpe mayam shatai kau nhtawm, Jinghpaw bai tai mat hkra prat shamat mayan mungdan kaba hku, nga lai mat wa ai. Ndai gin lam hpe Capt. P. R, Gordon mung,"'Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society", Vol-xxvii 1895, p157 hta tsun da nga ai. P. R. Gordon tsun ai gaw,
'Strange to say this Tairongs themselves spoke Singpho, the explanation of this
being as follows, the Tairongs, who originally lived somewhere in the direction of the upper Irrawady started for Assam to join some Naras who had proceeded them thither. Unfortunetly, for them they had to pass through the Singpho country. As the passed through the country they were taken captives by the Singphoes. They remained as captives for five years according to their own account, but probably for longer, as they quite forgot their own language and adopted the language of their captors. It is strange that even to this day Tairongs , talk nothing but Singpho'
being as follows, the Tairongs, who originally lived somewhere in the direction of the upper Irrawady started for Assam to join some Naras who had proceeded them thither. Unfortunetly, for them they had to pass through the Singpho country. As the passed through the country they were taken captives by the Singphoes. They remained as captives for five years according to their own account, but probably for longer, as they quite forgot their own language and adopted the language of their captors. It is strange that even to this day Tairongs , talk nothing but Singpho'ngu ai rai nga ai.Tairong ni Jinghpaw duwa ni a mayam wa tai mat ai mung "Hkamung Ga" rai nga ai. Dai majaw, Sam ni mung "mayam mungdan" ngu ai, rai nga ai.
British Govt. "1833 - The Slavery Abolition Act" hku nna, 1925/26 - 1928/ 29 lapran Kachin ginra hta Jinghpaw Duwa ni kaw na shalawt kau dat hkrum ai mayam 8,960 rai nga ai. Mayam shalawt kau dat ai kaw jailang ai gumhpraw gaw Rs. 516, 518 tup rai nga ai. Lahta na mayam jahpan gaw Jinghpaw ni kaw na hkrai, rai nga ai. British ni mayam shalawt masing hpe Hukawng hte Mali-Nmai ginra hta sha, galaw ma ai. Ndai ginra gaw Jinghpaw nga ai ginra hkrai rai nga ai.
British ni mayam shalawt masing hta, mayam 8,960 hpe shalawt kau dat ai hta, Capt. Neufville shalawt kau dat ai Singpho Duwa ni na mayam 6,000 jahpan pyi n lawm shi ai hp
e, mulu nga ai. "Hkamung Ga" kaw gaw "Hkaman" ni nga nna "Hkamung" ngu ai n re. Hkamung Ga kaw gaw Hkaman ni nga ma ai. Mayam madu gaw Jinghpaw Duwa ni hkrai ' rai nhtawm, mayam gawtinang myu hpan kaw na hkawt, myu hpan hpan lawm nga ai hpe, British mayam shamyit shatsai masing ginlam hku nna chye lu nga ai.
Jinghpaw ni tsun ai Hkamung Ga ginlam gamung hpe, ndai kaw, jahkring daga.
References1. Barna. S. N., Tribes of Indo-Burma Border: A Socieo-cultural History of the Inhabitants oftha Patkai Range, New Dehli, 1991, p -69. •• 2. Barna, Opcit, p -190. 3. Da/ton, E. T., Descritive Ethnology of Bangal, Calcutta, 1872, p -10. and. Birendra Chandra Chakavorty. British Relations with jhe Hill Tribes of Assam. Since 1858, Calcutta. 1964, p-12.4. Maran Brang Di, Prat Ningnan Wunpawng Ahtik Labau Kadun, New Dehli, 1996, p - 69. and, Needham, J. F. Outline Grammer of Singpho Language as Spoken by the Sinphos ofSjdiya, Shillong,1889. 5. SBhuyan. S. K., Anglo-Assamese Relations, Gauhati, 1949,p-473. f 6. Barna, Opcit, p-190. *
Maran Brang DiKachin Historical Research Centre
Sourec; Pyilan LunghtawnSept, 2004
e, mulu nga ai. "Hkamung Ga" kaw gaw "Hkaman" ni nga nna "Hkamung" ngu ai n re. Hkamung Ga kaw gaw Hkaman ni nga ma ai. Mayam madu gaw Jinghpaw Duwa ni hkrai ' rai nhtawm, mayam gawtinang myu hpan kaw na hkawt, myu hpan hpan lawm nga ai hpe, British mayam shamyit shatsai masing ginlam hku nna chye lu nga ai.Jinghpaw ni tsun ai Hkamung Ga ginlam gamung hpe, ndai kaw, jahkring daga.
References1. Barna. S. N., Tribes of Indo-Burma Border: A Socieo-cultural History of the Inhabitants oftha Patkai Range, New Dehli, 1991, p -69. •• 2. Barna, Opcit, p -190. 3. Da/ton, E. T., Descritive Ethnology of Bangal, Calcutta, 1872, p -10. and. Birendra Chandra Chakavorty. British Relations with jhe Hill Tribes of Assam. Since 1858, Calcutta. 1964, p-12.4. Maran Brang Di, Prat Ningnan Wunpawng Ahtik Labau Kadun, New Dehli, 1996, p - 69. and, Needham, J. F. Outline Grammer of Singpho Language as Spoken by the Sinphos ofSjdiya, Shillong,1889. 5. SBhuyan. S. K., Anglo-Assamese Relations, Gauhati, 1949,p-473. f 6. Barna, Opcit, p-190. *
Maran Brang DiKachin Historical Research Centre
Sourec; Pyilan LunghtawnSept, 2004
